Q.8 Nitric acid hydrates have received much attention as possible catalysts for heterogeneous reactions that bring about the Antarctic ozone hole. Worsnop et al. investigated the thermodynamic stability of these hydrates under conditions typical of the polar winter stratosphere (Science 259, 71 (1993).). They report thermodynamic data for the sublimation of mono-, di-, and trihydrates to nitric acid and water vapours, HNO3 NH2O(s) → HNO3(g) + NH2O(g), for n= 1, 2, and 3. Given AG° and A¡H° for these reactions at 220 K (see table below), use the Gibbs- Helmholtz equation to compute A,G° at 190 K. (Hint: integrate the Gibbs-Helmoltz equation within the temperature interval) 1 2 3 A,G° /(kJ mol¯1) A;H° /(kJ mol 42.6 69.4 93.2 127 188 237

Problem 2. With a particular catalyst and at a given temperature, the oxidation of naphthalene to phthalic anhydride proceeds as follows: R A 2 3 A = naphthalene R = naphthaquinone Sphthalic anhydride T = oxidation products k₁ = 0.21 S-¹ k₂ = 0.20 S-¹ K3 = 4.20 S-¹ k4= 0.004 s¹ ST What reactor type gives the maximum yield of phthalic anhydride? Roughly estimate this yield and the fractional conversion of naphthalene which will give this yield. (note: the word "roughly").

Three fluid mixtures are given below. For each mixture, chose a model that you think is best suited to predict the mixture’s VLE behavior at 298K? Briefly explain your choice!A)    oxygen and ethanolB)    argon and nitrogenC)    isopropanol and water

T fus pure lidocaine = 69 degrees C T fus pure priolocaine = 38 degrees C Eutectic point = 45 mol % lidocaine and T fus solution = 16 degrees C Sketch a temp vs. composition solid-liquid phase diagram (1 ATM) for lidocaine + priolcaine system. Label axes and relevant data as well as the 4 regions with components and their phases.