Provide an overview of the 3 main results of DNA mutations.

Which of the following mutations is likely to cause the most dramatic mutant effects: Missense, nonsense, sense? Explain your answer.

C. Two mutations are known in the population, one shaded in yellow and one in blue, shown on the TEMPLATE DNA sequence below. Ursula has a mutation in the yellow- shaded underlined nucleotide: instead of an A in this position, she has a T. 5' AATCATAACTCATTG 3' What type of mutation does Ursula have? Second position First position (5 000 0 UUU UUC phe UUA UUG COU leu CỰU CUC CUA COO CUG ADO AUU AUC ile nov AUA AUG met GUU GUC GUA GUG val UCU UCC UCA ser UCA UCG COU CCU cce CCC CCA pro CCA CCG ACU www ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG thr ala UAU tyr UAC UAA Stop UAG Stop CAU CAC his CAC CAA gin CAG AAU AAC asn AAC AAA lys AAG GAU GAC asp glu GAA GAG UGU UGC cys UGA Stop UGG trp CGU Missense Silent Nonsense Frameshift CGC CGA arg CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG Initiation Termination ser arg gly DUAG DUMU DUAU DUAG Third position (3-end)

Distinguish between insertion, deletion and substitution mutations. Explain how mutations can be harmful or beneficial to organisms.