Provide a brief explanation of one specific application on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Incorporate the specific application name (e.g., Detection and Quantification of Mycotoxins), provide aconcise overview of sample preparation methods, outline instrumental parameters and conditions utilized, and summarize the outcomes and findings achieved through this analytical approach.

3. This is the standard procedure for determination of nicotine in urine. A 1.00mL sample was placed in a 12mL vial 5-aminoquinoline was added as the internal standard (5 ug). The sample was monitored using mass spectrometry at m/z values for nicotine (84) and the internal standard (144). Given the following data determine the concentration of the two unknown samples Nicotine (ug/L) Area Area 12 0.056 0.059 51 0.402 0.391 102 0.684 0.669 157 1.011 205 Unknown 1 Unknown 2 1.278 0.51 1.18 1.063 1.355 0.53 1.32

The following statements are true for any chromatographic analysis except: The analyte component interacting most strongly with the stationary phase elute faster than those with weaker interactions. On the other hand, those with least interaction with the mobile phase elute the slowest. Interactions between mobile phase-analyte - stationary phase can be both chemical and physical in nature. Chromatography is a separation technique. XPS can be used for the following analyses except-* Contamination in the surface or the bulk of the sample Functional group of the sample Binding energy of electronic states Thickness of materials Density of electronic states A technique used in observing trace elements, isotopes and atomic monolayers based on the secondary ions that are ejected from the sample. XRD AFM SEM SIMS ELLIPSOMETRY XPS NLO

It has been notice that adulteration of palm oil with carcinogenic dyes are on rise. Use knowledge in analytical process to systematically outline a protocol to follow to process adulterated palm oil to gain quantitative and qualitative information spectroscopically about any added toxic dye. Explain also the basis of your protocol of choice.

(a) Which of the following parts in a gas chromatography (GC) system is/are heated up during operation – injector; column; detector?                      (b) Name ONE type of GC detector. Briefly comment on its advantage and limitation.                                                                                                                    (c) Why is chemical derivatization needed for GC?

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Column chromatography was performed on a mixture containing compounds A, B and C using silica gel as a stationary phase and a 50:50 mixture of ethyl acetate:petroleum ether as the mobile phase. Six individual fractions were collected during the separation, and TLC analysis of the fractions provided the data shown. Evaluate and explain whether this column was successful in separating compounds A, B and C. If the column was not successful, suggest what changes could be made to provide a successful separation of this mixture. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Consider the following method for the analysis of cocaine (MW 303.35) powder. "Dissolve about 600 mg of cocaine, preciously dried and accurately weighed, in 50 mL of glacial acetic acid, add 1 drop of crystal violet TS, and titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid VS to a green endpoint. Perform a blank determination, and make the necessary correction" Calculate the percentage purity of the cocaine sample from the data below. Show your reasoning clearly and record your final answer to four significant figures. Cocaine powder weighed = 606,3 mg CH₂ Concentration of HCIO3 = 0.09978 M H₂C-N Volume HCIO3 required for the assay mixture = 19.97 mL Volume HCIO, required for blank determination = 0.059 mL

Only typed solution.

Consider the following method for the analysis of cocaine (MW 303.35) powder. "Dissolve about 600 mg of cocaine, preciously dried and accurately weighed, in 50 mL of glacial acetic acid, add I drop of crystal violet TS, and titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid VS to a green endpoint. Perform a blank determination, and make the necessary correction" Calculate the percentage purity of the cocaine sample from the data below. Show your reasoning clearly and record your final answer to four significant figures. CH₂ ● Cocaine powder weighed = 606.3 mg Concentration of HCIO3=0.09978 M H₂C-N- Volume HCIO3 required for the assay mixture = 19.97 mL ● Volume HCIO; required for blank determination = 0.059'mL