Prolactin is a protein hormone that, among other things, enables mammals to produced milk. Prolactin is secreted from cells in the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, ovulation, and nursing. a. Prolactin is encoded by the PRL A segment of the PRL gene and its regulatory regions are shown below. The +1 site (*) and part of the promoter (#) of PRL are indicated. What is the PRL mRNA transcribed from the PRL gene? 5'-AAGCCGACCGGATATACGACGCCATGAACATGACAGGATCGCCATGG-3' 3'-TTCGGCTGGCCTATATGCTGCGGTACTTGTACTGTCCTAGCGGTACC-5' b. What is the 5'-UTR of PRL? Lleing the mRNA you transcrib what are the first 9 mino aci rolactin that are translated?

The SIRT3 protein has been reported to increase the growth of certain types of cancer cells. Researchers studying the metabolism and development of stomach cancer cells investigated the potential role of the SIRT3 protein in these cells. In the first investigation, the researchers quantified the relative amount of SIRT3 in normal stomach cells and in each of four different lines of stomach cancer cells (Figure 1). Using data from a group of 100 patients with stomach cancer, the researchers also analyzed the relative amount of SIRT3 protein detected in samples of the cancer cells and in normal cells immediately adjacent to the cancer cells (Figure 2).     Figure 1. SIRT3 protein levels in normal stomach cells (NS) and stomach cancer cell lines from four different patients (SC-1, SC-2, SC-3, SC-4), shown relative to the level in normal stomach cells (NS). Error bars represent ±SEx¯.   Figure 2. The number of patients, from 100 tested, whose stomach cancer cells or normal stomach cells…

LysR regulators like llvY repress transcription from their own promoters. This is called a negative feedback loop. Why might negative feedback be a good way to control expression of a transcriptional repressor? This type of negative feedback loop ensures that ilvC transcription will always be repressed when llvY levels are low, and ilvC will be transcribed highly when llvY levels are high. This type of negative feedback regulation ensures that ilvY is never transcribed. Since llvY is a transcriptional repressor, it will slow down cell growth by blocking transcription. So, llvY represses it's own transcription so that no llvY can ever be made, and the cell can grow. This type of negative feedback loop ensures that there is always a moderate amount of llvY. When IlvY levels fall too low, transcription from the promoter will increase since IlvY won't be able to repress it's own promoter. This negative feedback also ensures that IlVY levels don't rise too high - when llvY levels are high,…

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