Problem 4: A four level voltage x assumes only the following levels -4 V, -2 V, 0 V, 2 V, and 4 V. Experimental data taken over a period of time result in the following data: Voltage, V 4 -2 2 Number of samples 1500 3500 3000 1000 1000 Define pdf and sketech it. Q6. What is pdf value for x-2 V, ie. f (0) ? Q7. What is pdf value for x 0 V, ie. f(1) ? Q8. What is pdf value for x 4 V, ie. f(2) ?

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Latches and Flip Flop

Just like logic gates, the latches and flip-flops are the important elements of an electronic circuit. The logic gates form the important part of combinatorial circuits, while the latches and flip-flops form the essential part of a sequential circuit. Sequential circuits form the important concept of automata theory in electronics and electrical engineering, these circuits are a kind of logic circuit whose output depends on both present input and past inputs, that is, the input history.