Database System Concepts
Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780078022159
Author: Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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**Propositional Logic and Tautologies**

In this lesson, we explore the concept of tautologies in propositional logic using truth tables. For this example, we have two propositions, \( p \) and \( q \), and we will analyze their combinations to determine if certain statements are tautologies.

The following truth table for \( S1 \) and \( S2 \) is shown:

| \( p \) | \( q \) | \( S1 \) | \( S2 \) |
|:------:|:------:|:------:|:------:|
|   T    |    T   |    T   |    T   |
|   T    |    F   |    F   |    T   |
|   F    |    T   |    T   |    T   |
|   F    |    F   |    T   |    T   |

Based on the truth table above, we are to determine the tautology among the statements given.

**Which statement is a tautology?**

- \( O \) If not \( S1 \), then not \( S2 \).
- \( O \) If \( S1 \), then \( S2 \).
- \( O \) If \( S1 \), then not \( S2 \).
- \( O \) If not \( S1 \), then \( S2 \).

A tautology is a propositional formula that is always true regardless of the truth values of its subformulas.

In this context, you are to analyze which of these statements always holds true based on the truth table values provided for \( S1 \) and \( S2 \).

- Analyze each statement individually.
- Verify its truth value for each combination of \( p \) and \( q \).

**Diagrams:**

The truth table provided above lists all possible combinations of the truth values of \( p \) and \( q \), along with their corresponding \( S1 \) and \( S2 \) values. This table is essential for determining which logical statements are tautologies.

By methodically verifying each statement, you will deduce which one consistently holds true, thus identifying the tautology.
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Transcribed Image Text:**Propositional Logic and Tautologies** In this lesson, we explore the concept of tautologies in propositional logic using truth tables. For this example, we have two propositions, \( p \) and \( q \), and we will analyze their combinations to determine if certain statements are tautologies. The following truth table for \( S1 \) and \( S2 \) is shown: | \( p \) | \( q \) | \( S1 \) | \( S2 \) | |:------:|:------:|:------:|:------:| | T | T | T | T | | T | F | F | T | | F | T | T | T | | F | F | T | T | Based on the truth table above, we are to determine the tautology among the statements given. **Which statement is a tautology?** - \( O \) If not \( S1 \), then not \( S2 \). - \( O \) If \( S1 \), then \( S2 \). - \( O \) If \( S1 \), then not \( S2 \). - \( O \) If not \( S1 \), then \( S2 \). A tautology is a propositional formula that is always true regardless of the truth values of its subformulas. In this context, you are to analyze which of these statements always holds true based on the truth table values provided for \( S1 \) and \( S2 \). - Analyze each statement individually. - Verify its truth value for each combination of \( p \) and \( q \). **Diagrams:** The truth table provided above lists all possible combinations of the truth values of \( p \) and \( q \), along with their corresponding \( S1 \) and \( S2 \) values. This table is essential for determining which logical statements are tautologies. By methodically verifying each statement, you will deduce which one consistently holds true, thus identifying the tautology.
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