Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134746241
Author: Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher: PEARSON
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The minerals andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite are polymorphs of aluminosilicate (Al, SiO) that differ in their internal structures and in the conditions un- 10 8. der which they are stable. The aluminosilicate phase diagram on the right, which uses different colors to delineate the stability zones of these polymorphs, pro- vides insight into how metamorphic minerals respond to changes in temperature and pressure conditions. Examine the phase diagram and answer the following questions: Kyanite Sillimanite (a) Indicate the temperature-pressure (T-P) conditions and estimated depths for rocks A, B, and C in the following table. Assume average geothermal (30°C per kilometer) and geobaric gradients (0.33 kbar per kilometer). 2 Andalusite 400 500 800 1,000 600 700 900 Temperature (°C) Phase diagram showing stability zones for three aluminosilicate (Al,SIO,) polymorphs. Pressure (kbar)
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Transcribed Image Text:The minerals andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite are polymorphs of aluminosilicate (Al, SiO) that differ in their internal structures and in the conditions un- 10 8. der which they are stable. The aluminosilicate phase diagram on the right, which uses different colors to delineate the stability zones of these polymorphs, pro- vides insight into how metamorphic minerals respond to changes in temperature and pressure conditions. Examine the phase diagram and answer the following questions: Kyanite Sillimanite (a) Indicate the temperature-pressure (T-P) conditions and estimated depths for rocks A, B, and C in the following table. Assume average geothermal (30°C per kilometer) and geobaric gradients (0.33 kbar per kilometer). 2 Andalusite 400 500 800 1,000 600 700 900 Temperature (°C) Phase diagram showing stability zones for three aluminosilicate (Al,SIO,) polymorphs. Pressure (kbar)
Depth (km) based on geothermal gradient Depth (km) based on geobaric gradient Rock Polymorph T ("C) P (kbar) A B (b) What does the discrepancy between depth estimates based on geothermal and geobaric gradients suggest about metamorphism? (C) What mineral changes would occur, and at what temperature and pressure, if • Rock A was heated to 800°C without a change in pressure? • Rock A experienced a drop in pressure to 1.5 kbar without a change in temperature? Rock B was heated to 700°C and pressure on it was increased to 10 kbar? • Rock C was cooled to 500°C without a change in pressure? (d) In some cases, it is possible to detect how rocks have changed position in the crust during metamorphism. Suppose that Rock X has experienced a complex tectonie history in which T-P conditions changed over time as shown by the dashed arrow • Describe the sequence of aluminosilicate phase changes in Rock X and the T-P conditions and depths at which they occurred.
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Transcribed Image Text:Depth (km) based on geothermal gradient Depth (km) based on geobaric gradient Rock Polymorph T ("C) P (kbar) A B (b) What does the discrepancy between depth estimates based on geothermal and geobaric gradients suggest about metamorphism? (C) What mineral changes would occur, and at what temperature and pressure, if • Rock A was heated to 800°C without a change in pressure? • Rock A experienced a drop in pressure to 1.5 kbar without a change in temperature? Rock B was heated to 700°C and pressure on it was increased to 10 kbar? • Rock C was cooled to 500°C without a change in pressure? (d) In some cases, it is possible to detect how rocks have changed position in the crust during metamorphism. Suppose that Rock X has experienced a complex tectonie history in which T-P conditions changed over time as shown by the dashed arrow • Describe the sequence of aluminosilicate phase changes in Rock X and the T-P conditions and depths at which they occurred.
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