Q: Which of the following is FALSE? In vertebrate sensory neurons, nerve impulses normally travel one…
A: The false statement is, The resting potential of a neuron is maintained by membrane pumps…
Q: Why do dieters who follow Atkin’s diet (a diet high in fat and protein and very low in carbohydrate)…
A: Atkins diet It is diet that involves the uptake of foods that are rich in proteins and fats and the…
Q: The principal products of which RNA polymerases are exported from the nucleus by exportin? Pol II…
A: Introduction RNA polymerase is the main enzyme which is required in transcription process. In…
Q: Sensory organs are important anatomical features that helped lineages of vertebrates to succeed up…
A: Introduction Sensory organs and the neural networks responsible help in the survival, development,…
Q: Describe the underlying osmoregulation issues that aquatic and terrestrial animals confront, as well…
A: Osmoregulation is defined as the maintenance of water and salt concentration within the body.…
Q: Give two reasons why a point mutation in the codon for methionine (Met) would likely be more serious…
A: Point mutation is a mutation where a single nucleotide is changed i.e. insertion, deletion or…
Q: In onions, male sterility is due to the interaction of a chromosomal allele pair hh and "sterile"…
A: Cytoplasmic inheritance is a phenomenon that occurs when DNA from the parents' cytoplasmic…
Q: olygenic Inheritance Question: Discuss possible presentation why a given family with 12 children,…
A: Polygenic inheritance Human features like height, eye color, and hair color come in lots of…
Q: Explain the amoeba process
A: The amoeba process is a method of cell division that results in the formation of two identical…
Q: The diagram on the right has been drawn to scale. The width of the cell has been drawn at 5 cm. What…
A: Width = 5 cm Scale 1 cm = 10 um So 5 cm= 50 um So the magnification is size of image/ actual…
Q: Supposing two strains of autotetraploid plants are available and their genotypes are as follows.…
A: Im answering only first part Answer :- We know that genotype contributes to phenotype. Genotype is…
Q: Describe or draw the process of creating a vesicle from an ER membrane OR fusing a vesicle with the…
A: A vesicle is a tiny cell structure made up of fluid and a lipid bilayer. Exocytosis, phagocytosis,…
Q: Australopithecus afarensis differs from the later species of the genus Australopithecus (e.g.,…
A: Evolution of australopithecus afarensis.
Q: . In animals, cytokinesis occurs in which of the following phases of mitosis? a. Telophase b.…
A: Introduction: Cytokinesis is the literal division of a cell, which occurs in both mitosis and…
Q: Differentiate histologically the scalp skin and the palm skin. Include all the histological…
A: Skin is the largest and heaviest organ of the body. It consists of three main layers; the epidermis,…
Q: silence genes
A: Gene silencing is a mechanism that regulates gene expression to define cell fate and also regulates…
Q: What is the process of breathing?
A:
Q: To examine: Whether the given statement, "each member of the human hemoglobin gene family, which…
A: Many double-stranded linear is generally defined that they are the DNA molecules that make up the…
Q: 10 13 ATLAS (coudal view) AXIS (left side) 16 CERVICAL (coudal view)
A:
Q: Where on your body đo microbes Iive? O A. On your skin O B. In your gut O C. In your mouth O D. All…
A: Microbes are small living beings present all over the place including soil, water and air. They are…
Q: To examine: Whether the statement "Horizontal gene transfer is more prevalent in single-celled…
A: Cells make up all living organisms on the planet. "Life's structural and functional unit is defined…
Q: C4 and CAM plants are more efficient than C3 plants beca a. reduce O2 concentration. b. have no…
A: C4 plans are more efficient than C3 plants because C3 plants have no special features to combat…
Q: Foreign proteins in the blood stimulate an immune response. Which of the following is true? Select…
A: Foreign proteins in the blood stimulate an immune response . Which of the following is true? Note:-…
Q: There are many different sources of biomass and many ways of harnessing energy from biomass. Discuss…
A: Introduction The exponential rise in population and in increasing demand for food and fuel lead us…
Q: The most common way that disease-causing bacteria harm the human body is by: causing high fevers…
A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.
Q: Increasing environmental temperature has which of the following effects on mosquitoes and arthropod…
A: ANSWER;-c) The frequency of blood-feeding by females increases.
Q: 11. What is a typical characteristic of an r-selected species? a. boom-and-bust popuation growth…
A: The r/K selection hypothesis in ecology refers to the selection of features in an organism that…
Q: Give examples of species under Echinodermata that can be used as currency.
A: Sand dollar is a marine species belongs under the order Clypeastroida , class echinoidea and…
Q: Which of the following is true about Organogenesis? Choose all possible answers. anterior pituitary…
A: Organogenesis Organogenesis is defined as an important event of embryogenesis (embryo development)…
Q: SUBJECT: GENETICS Topic: Binomial Probability Consider albinism a trait to occur in a human…
A: Probability that 2 offspring will be normal is 3/2. Probability that 1 offspring will be albino is…
Q: Do individual organisms survive exposure to a toxic chemical because they are “mutated” by the…
A: Introduction The physical and functional unit of heredity is the gene. They are made up of DNA…
Q: To determine: The reason why most enzymes do not operate at their biochemical optima inside cells.
A: All enzymes share three characteristics. They are distinct in their specificity, regulatory ability,…
Q: To determine: The special properties that an enzyme isolated from a psychrophilic bacterium will…
A: Introduction Proteins that operate as biological catalysts are known as enzymes. Chemical reactions…
Q: Find the speed of car Distance to be covered=12 m Time=2 s
A: The speed of an object is the distance divided by time. Speed is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of…
Q: fish die-off occurs in a pond near an agricultural field where fertilizer high in N and P has been…
A: Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, or NPK, are the 3 essential supplements in commercial…
Q: Which statement best describes a characteristic of ALL arteries? Select one: O a. Arteries lead…
A: Introduction Blood vessels are tubes that transport blood throughout the body. They form a…
Q: membranes line the cavities between bones in moveable joints. O Mucous O Serous Cutaneous O Synovial
A: It is important to know that a thin layer of cells cover the skin (outer layer of body),…
Q: how morphogens influence tissue patterning during embryonic development
A: Introduction The process by which a specialized cell, the fertilized egg, splits to produce nearly…
Q: The arrangement of muscles so that the action of one muscle is opposite to that of its partner is: O…
A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.
Q: What is the importance of feedback systems in the control of hormonal output in mammals? Offer two…
A: Introduction Hormones are chemical compounds that function in the body as messenger molecules. They…
Q: In a population, describe the result of inbreeding. Whether inbreeding leads to the change in the…
A: Introduction Inbreeding occurs when closely related organisms mate. Inbreeding is also defined as an…
Q: Discuss the mechanical and chemical digestion of starch, protein, and fat, describing all the steps…
A: Introduction Digestion is the breakdown of large water-insoluble food molecules into small…
Q: In Ontario, patients wait the longest for a shortest for a transplant. Heart; Lung OLung; Heart…
A: Organ transplant is a process which requires a close match between recipient and donor. Donor and…
Q: this disorder? (Is it autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive? X-linked dominant? X-linked…
A: Inheritance inheritance is described as a pattern of transfer of genes from the parental generation…
Q: Explain two major SARS-CoV-2 entry mechanisms
A: A virus surface spike protein mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. To fulfill its function,…
Q: You have a sample of genetic material. The nitrogenous base content is 29% guanine. a) If the…
A:
Q: Refer to the description and table below to answer the three question that follow: Dissolved oxygen…
A: Net primary productivity of the algae.
Q: Describe atleast two CDk checkpoint in cell cycle and what is there role and what will happen if…
A: Introduction The cell cycle is made up of steps that help a cell divide. The G1, S, and G2 phases…
Q: Locate the dogfish shark muscles based on the summary of its origin, insertion and action. Table 1.…
A: The spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, belongs to Chondrichthyes, which first appeared in the…
Q: This vessel carries oxygenated blood into the heart. O pulmonary artery O pulmonary vein vena cava O…
A: Aorta carries oxygenated blood to the body. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from right…
Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
Please EXPLAIN the key difference(s) between Segregation (as described by Mendel) and Independent Assortment.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Are Mendel’s principles of segregation and independent assortment even relevant today in the age of genomics, when it is possible to sequence an organism’s entire genome and determine all of its genetic information? Why is it important to study these principles, and how can they be used?This problem examines possible biochemical explanations for variations of Mendel’s 9:3:3:1 ratio. Exceptwhere indicated, compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 have different colors, as do mixtures of these compounds. Aand B are enzymes that catalyze the indicated steps ofthe pathway. Alleles A and B specify functional enzymes A and B, respectively; these are completelydominant to alleles a and b, which do not specify anyof the corresponding enzyme. If functional enzyme ispresent, assume that the compound to the left of thearrow is converted completely to the compound to theright of the arrow. For each pathway, what phenotypicratios would you expect among the progeny of a dihybrid cross of the form Aa Bb × Aa Bb?a. Independent pathwaysCompound 4Compound 2Compound 3Compound 1Enz AEnz Bb. Redundant pathwaysCompound 1 Compound 2Enz BEnz Ac. Sequential pathwayCompound 1 Compound 2 Compound 3Enz A Enz Bd. Enzymes A and B both needed to catalyze the reaction indicated.Compound 1 Compound 2Q6. Guinea pigs, which were homozygous for long, black hair were crossed with ones which were homozygous for short, white hair. All the F1 offspring had short, black hair. (a) Using suitable symbols, draw a genetic diagram showing parents genotypes, to explain this result in F1 offspring. (b) Complete the Punnett square to show the results of interbreeding the F1 offspring. Gametes
- 1) Identify the most important advantage that Mendel's pea plants had for studying the inheritance of traits 2) Using no more than one sentence, please explain why this advantage or characteristic was critical for the success of Mendel's experimentsIn general terms, genes found on the same chromosome are linked, and will appear to defy Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. This law states that alleles (Links to an external site.) for different traits (Links to an external site.) are transmitted (Links to an external site.) to offspring (Links to an external site.) independently of one another. Functionally, this means that in a dihybrid testcross, in which a heterozygote is crossed to a double homozygous recessive individual, the expected 1:1:1:1 ratio will not be obtained. Instead, lower than expected numbers of non-parentals will result, because these non-parental flies are the result of recombination during synapsis. Interestingly, and functionally important in this exercise, synapsis only occurs in female fruit flies, requiring that the heterozygote in any study of linkage must be the female. Determining the relative positions of linked genes on a chromosome can be accomplished by calculating the frequency of…On the basis of Mendel’s observations (i.e. Mendelian patterns), predict the results from the following crosses with peas. Show the results in terms of genotypes, phenotypes, and their proportions in the offspring. The progeny of a tall (dominant and homozygous) variety crossed with a dwarf variety. The progeny of (a) self-fertilized. The progeny from (a) crossed with the original tall parent. The progeny of (a) crossed with the original dwarf parent.
- In his famous paper, Mendel writes that he set out to“determine the number of different forms in whichhybrid progeny appear” and to “ascertain their numericalinterrelationships.” How did his close attention tonumbers lead him to discover segregation and independentassortment?Solve this problem using the rules of probability instead of Punnet squares, bifurcation forks, or mental visualization. Flower position, stem length, and seed shape were three of the traits that Mendel studied. Each is controlled by an independently assorting gene and has dominant and recessive expression as follows: • Axial inflorescence (flowers originate along the stems) is dominant over terminal (flowers on top of the stem). Long (“tall") stem is dominant over short stem (“dwarf"). • Round seed is dominant over wrinkled. Let's use the symbols Fa/fa for genes determining axial vs. terminal (fa from "false umbel," a type of inflorescence); Le/le for tall vs. dwarf (le is for length); R/r for round vs. wrinkled seeds (the Latin word rugosus means wrinkled). Notice that the phenotype "tall plant" may be conferred by the genotype Lele or Lele; this can be abbreviated as Le-, where the dash represents the alternative allele. The homozygous lele will show the recessive phenotype. Since…Which of the following statements is true about the molecular basis of Mendel's second law? OThe random attachment of the sister chromatids and the split of them into different daughter cells during the second round of cell division in Meiosis ensure Mendel's second law of independent assortment of alleles. OThe random attachment of the sister chromatids and the split of them into different daughter cells during the first round of cell division in Meiosis ensure Mendel's 2nd law. O The molecular basis of independent assortment of alleles is the segregation of sister chromatids during the second round of cell division in Meiosis. O The molecular basis of independent assortment of alleles is the segregation of homologous chromosomes during the second round of cell division in Meiosis. O The molecular basis of independent assortment of alleles is the segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first round of cell division in Meiosis.
- In a problem involving albinism (see Problem 4), which of Mendel’spostulates are demonstrated? Problem No. 4 Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait.Determine the genotypes of the parents and offspring for thefollowing families. When two alternative genotypes are possible,list both.(a) Two parents without albinism have five children, four withoutalbinism and one with albinism.(b) A male without albinism and a female with albinism havesix children, all without albinism.Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?