photons

In X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, a material can be analyzed for its constituent elements by radiating the material with short-wavelength X rays, which induce the atoms to emit longer-wavelength X rays characteristic of those atoms. Tungsten, for example, emits characteristic X rays of wavelength 0.1476 nm. If an electron has an equivalent wavelength, what is its kinetic energy?

Investigating Energy Levels Consider the hypothetical atom X that has one electron like the H atom but has different energy levels. The energies of an electron in an X atom are described by the equation E=RHn3 where RH is the same as for hydrogen (2.179 1018 J). Answer the following questions, without calculating energy values. a How would the ground-state energy levels of X and H compare? b Would the energy of an electron in the n = 2 level of H be higher or lower than that of an electron in the n = 2 level of X? Explain your answer. c How do the spacings of the energy levels of X and H compare? d Which would involve the emission of a higher frequency of light, the transition of an electron in an H atom from the n = 5 to the n = 3 level or a similar transition in an X atom? e Which atom, X or H, would require more energy to completely remove its electron? f A photon corresponding to a particular frequency of blue light produces a transition from the n = 2 to the n = 5 level of a hydrogen atom. Could this photon produce the same transition (n = 12 to n = 5) in an atom of X? Explain.

It requires 799 kJ of energy to break one mole of carbon-oxygen double bonds in carbon dioxide. What wavelength of light does this correspond to per bond? Is there any transition in the hydrogen atom that has at least this quantity of energy to one photon?

(a) Which color in the visible spectrum has the highest frequency? Which has the lowest frequency? (b) Is the wavelength of the radiation used in a microwave oven (2.45 GHz) longer or shorter than that from your favorite FM radio station (for example, 91.7 MHz)? (c) Are the wavelengths of x-rays longer or shorter than those of ultraviolet light? (d) Calculate the frequency of green light with a wavelength of 510. nm.

Does the main emission line for SrCl2 have a longer or shorter wavelength than that of the yellow line from NaCI?

An FM radio station found at 103.1 on the FM dial broadcasts at a frequency of 1.031188s1 (103.1 MHz). What is the wavelength of these radio waves in meters?

The light produced by a red neon sign is due to the emission of light by excited neon atoms. Qualitatively describe the spectrum produced by passing light from a neon lamp through a prism.

6.103 Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on the atomic spectra of the elements being studied. It can be used to determine the impurities in a metal sample. If an element is present, light at the appropriate wavelength is absorbed. You are working with a metal stamping company and the rolled steel you use to form panels for automobile doors is failing at an alarming rate. There is some chance that the problem is unacceptably high levels of manganese in the steel. Given that the atomic spectrum of manganese has three lines near 403 nm, how could you use a spectrometer to determine the amount of manganese in the steel?

Warm objects emit electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region. Heat lamps employ this principle to generate infrared radiation. Water absorbs infrared radiation with wavelengths near 2.80 m. Suppose this radiation is absorbed by the water and converted to heat. A 1.00-L sample of water absorbs infrared radiation, and its temperature increases from 20.0C to 30.0C. How many photons of this radiation are used to heat the water?