Part 4: Water Treatment 1. • Boiling is a physical process that can remove total hardness [] • In softening process lime added to water reacts first with any carbon dioxide available [ ] • Using single layer filter is more effective in utilizing pore space than that of dual media [ ] • Slow sand filter needs frequent backwash due to clogging issues [ 1

Part 4: Water Treatment 1. • Boiling is a physical process that can remove total hardness [] • In softening process lime added to water reacts first with any carbon dioxide available [ ] • Using single layer filter is more effective in utilizing pore space than that of dual media [ ] • Slow sand filter needs frequent backwash due to clogging issues [ 1

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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One common issue with air strippers is scaling due to hardness in the water. Please design an excess lime pre-treatment step to remove the water hardness (determine the softening chemical addition rates [mass/hour] of Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3) if the water chemistry is as follows [CO2] = 5 mg/l, [Ca2+] = 50 mg/L, [Mg2+] = 6.1 mg/L, [Na+] = 23 mg/L, [Alkalinity] = 150 mg/L and [SO42-] = 24 mg/L
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Two-stage softening: A water with the ionic characteristics shown below is to be softened by the lime-soda-ash-excess-lime process. The lime used is (85 %) pure and the soda ash is (85 %) pure And a flow of (5x10³. m³/d), Calculate ? 1- Draw the treatment units scheme 2- Calculate the (SO42) Concentration in mg/L unit? 3- Calculate the required chemical quantities in (meq/L) unit.? 4- Draw a bar diagram of the finished water.? 5- Calculate The Total Hardness in mg/L Unit? Element Concentration (mg/L) Atomic Mass CO₂ 6.6 44 Cat2 Hardness 90 mg/L as (CaCO3) 40 Mg¹2 Hardness Na+1 37.5 mg/L as 19.55 (CaCO3) 24.3 23 Alkalinity HCO3-¹ 62.5 mg/L as (CaCO3) 61 SO4² ? 96 CH¹ 42.6 35.5 K+1 13.685 39.1
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