P2.7 By evaluating the integral w = - Pext dV, calculate th work done in each of the cycles shown below in units of Joule: par) 4 3 par) 4 3

Critically ill patients in a cardiovascular intensive care unit must be intensely monitored for any number of conditions. One of these conditions is hypoperfusion, which is an overall decrease in blood flow throughout the body. Low stroke volume is one indicator of hypoperfusion. The pressure-volume (PV) graph below shows three possible loops for the heart. The control loop shows a healthy heart while the other two loops show reduced or increased preload (assuming that afterload and contractility remain fixed). 200 LV Pressure (mmHg) 100 Preload Control ↑ Preload 100 LV Volume (ml) (a) What is the stroke volume for the control patient? RK '15 200 (b) A healthy heart rate (HR) is measured as 80 beats per minute. What is the control patient's cardiac output CO? Control patient's CO: mL min

A haeat engine uses a heat source at 580 degrees C and has an ideal (Carnot) efficieng=cy of 22%. To increase athe ideal efficiency to 42 %, what must be the temperature of the heat source?

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