P1B.7 Calculate the escape velocity (the minimum initial velocity that will take an object to in nity) from the surface of a planet of radius R. What is the value for (i) the Earth, R = 6.37 × 106 m, g = 9.81 m s−2, (ii) Mars, R = 3.38 ×106 m, mMars/mEarth = 0.108. At what temperatures do H2, He, and O2 molecules have mean speeds equal to their escape speeds? What proportion of the molecules have enough speed to escape when the temperature is (i) 240 K, (ii) 1500 K? Calculations of this kind are very important in considering the composition of planetary atmospheres.

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Diatomic Gas

Molecule, is a collection of two or more atoms together (which constitute the smallest observable unit) into a pure material. There are some ways to represent the structure of a molecule. Factor symbols represent atoms in Lewis structures, and dots represent electrons that accompany them. A pair of mutual electrons (covalent bond) may be represented by a single dash. The ball-and-stick model depicts the spatial structure of the atoms better.