Oxygen demand is a term biologists use to describe the oxygen needed by fish and other aquatic organisms for survival. The Environmental Protection Agency conducted a study of a wetland area. In this wetland environment, the mean oxygen demand was  ? = 9.9 mg/L with 95% of the data ranging from 6.5 mg/L to 13.3 mg/L. Let x be a random variable that represents oxygen demand in this wetland environment. Assume x has a probability distribution that is approximately normal.   (a) Use the 95% data range to estimate the standard deviation for oxygen demand.   (b) An oxygen demand below 8 indicates that some organisms in the wetland environment may be dying. What is the probability that the oxygen demand will fall below 8 mg/L? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)   (c) A high oxygen demand can also indicate trouble. An oxygen demand above 12 may indicate an overabundance of organisms that endanger some types of plant life. What is the probability that the oxygen demand will exceed 12 mg/L? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)

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Contingency Table

A contingency table can be defined as the visual representation of the relationship between two or more categorical variables that can be evaluated and registered. It is a categorical version of the scatterplot, which is used to investigate the linear relationship between two variables. A contingency table is indeed a type of frequency distribution table that displays two variables at the same time.

Binomial Distribution

Binomial is an algebraic expression of the sum or the difference of two terms. Before knowing about binomial distribution, we must know about the binomial theorem.