Over the past several months an adult patient has been treated for tetany. This condition is associated with an average total calcium level below 6 mg/dL. Recently, the patients total calcium tests have the following readings (in md/dl). Assume that the population of x values has an approximately normal distribution.  9.1 8.8 10.5 9.5 9.4 9.8 10.0 9.9 11.2 12.1 a: use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to find the sample mean reading x and the sample standard deviation s. Round to two decimal places.  b: find a 99.9% confidence interval for the population mean of the total calcium in the patients blood. Round your answers to two decimal places  lower limit upper limit

Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...