Out of these associations between a potential exposure (risk factor) and an outcome (health condition or disease), identify the one that is most likely to be causal based on the "strength" of the association. Assume that you no nothing else about the factors and/or the outcomes. Please note: the values of some associations are hypothetical/imaginary, the associations are plausible (Hint: please review slide 16 of the slide deck for Module 8 and contextualize with in-class discussions. You may also refer to this article on applying Bradford Hill's criteria)   a. A number of chemicals in tobacco products have been shown to induce cancers in laboratory settings   b. Men employed in occupations requiring them to sweep chimneys with tars and/or mineral oils have been shown to have 200 times risk of dying from scrotal cancer compared with men not engaged in such occupations.   c. Adults who frequently experience inadequate and/or poor quality sleep at night are two times likely to experience psychological stress during the course of the next day, compared with those who sleep optimally.   d. Those who regularly engage in moderate to high intensity physical activity are half as likely to suffer a premature cardiac event compared with those who do not exercise at all

Studies on the possible adaptive value of anticipatory grief have produced results contrary to expectations: people that show more grief before the death of a loved one with a terminal disease also show more grief afterwards. What is a possible explanation for these findings? Grief is actually not adaptative – it’s just a side effect of our big brain Many other factors influence levels of grief and sadness (gender, past experiences, personality, age) which may obscure any underlying relationship The measurements of grief used in this study were too coarse, some quantitative measurement would be better than three qualitative categories All of the above Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) through lab crosses is one way to find the genetic variants responsible for variation in a trait. What is the rationale for why this approach works? By systematically inhibiting the action of each gene, you can determine which genes affect which traits By sequencing the entire genome, you can…

Scenario: You are the nurse doing home visits in a retirement community. Your client an 85-year-old man who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). His adult children are with him for the visit. They want to know about the disease and what treatment options exist.

Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 i Y; (0) 3000 2500 3000 1500 4000 5000 Y; (1) 4000 3000 2500 4000 5500 6000 D₁ 1 0 1 0 1 0 (a) Explain the "fundamental problem of causal inference." Using all of the potential outcomes in the table, what is the average treatment effect?

Periods and Life Stage Match the period of cognitive development to the corresponding life stage. Period of Cognitive Development Life Stage School age Adolescent and adult Infants and toddlers Preschoolers Sensorimotor =Preoperational Formal operational Concrete operational

Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion Which statistical test would you choose for the following hypothesis? "There will be a difference in scores on a measure of depression before and after taking part in a statistics lecture".

Explain the relationship between the epistemology of empiricism, inductive reasoning, probability theory, and the cognitive values supported by modern science. Be sure to define the terminology and then show how the concepts are integrated to create powerful evidence-based tools of reasoning for accepting beliefs and making decisions.

Studies on the possible adaptive value of anticipatory grief have produced results contrary to expectations: people that show more grief before the death of a loved one with a terminal disease also show more grief afterwards. What is a possible explanation for these findings? Grief is actually not adaptative – it’s just a side effect of our big brain Many other factors influence levels of grief and sadness (gender, past experiences, personality, age) which may obscure any underlying relationship The measurements of grief used in this study were too coarse, some quantitative measurement would be better than three qualitative categories All of the above Suppose you are interested in testing the “goldilocks principle” in the evolution of learning using artificial selection of learning in fruit flies. Specifically, the flies are given the opportunity to learn smells associated with habitat choice and foods. Which of the following predictions is NOT consistent with this hypothesis?…

Physicians practice in a data-intense environment, which provides specific feedback regarding the correctness of their practice. True or false?

Internal validity is important because it determines...   If the Hawthorne effect affected the findings   Whether study findings are a result of measurement effects   Whether the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable   If the study is generalizable to the larger population