Out of these associations between a potential exposure (risk factor) and an outcome (health condition or disease), identify the one that is most likely to be causal based on the "strength" of the association. Assume that you no nothing else about the factors and/or the outcomes. Please note: the values of some associations are hypothetical/imaginary, the associations are plausible (Hint: please review slide 16 of the slide deck for Module 8 and contextualize with in-class discussions. You may also refer to this article on applying Bradford Hill's criteria) a. A number of chemicals in tobacco products have been shown to induce cancers in laboratory settings b. Men employed in occupations requiring them to sweep chimneys with tars and/or mineral oils have been shown to have 200 times risk of dying from scrotal cancer compared with men not engaged in such occupations. c. Adults who frequently experience inadequate and/or poor quality sleep at night are two times likely to experience psychological stress during the course of the next day, compared with those who sleep optimally. d. Those who regularly engage in moderate to high intensity physical activity are half as likely to suffer a premature cardiac event compared with those who do not exercise at all
Out of these associations between a potential exposure (risk factor) and an outcome (health condition or disease), identify the one that is most likely to be causal based on the "strength" of the association. Assume that you no nothing else about the factors and/or the outcomes.
Please note: the values of some associations are hypothetical/imaginary, the associations are plausible
(Hint: please review slide 16 of the slide deck for Module 8 and contextualize with in-class discussions. You may also refer to this article on applying Bradford Hill's criteria)
| a. |
A number of chemicals in tobacco products have been shown to induce cancers in laboratory settings |
|
| b. |
Men employed in occupations requiring them to sweep chimneys with tars and/or mineral oils have been shown to have 200 times risk of dying from scrotal cancer compared with men not engaged in such occupations. |
|
| c. |
Adults who frequently experience inadequate and/or poor quality sleep at night are two times likely to experience psychological stress during the course of the next day, compared with those who sleep optimally. |
|
| d. |
Those who regularly engage in moderate to high intensity physical activity are half as likely to suffer a premature cardiac event compared with those who do not exercise at all. |
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