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One of the major themes of 20th century European history is notions of “domination.” For some, domination was painted in a decidedly negative light, highlighting the brutalities of specific socioeconomic arrangements, political cultures, and/or social hierarchies. For others, however, domination was viewed as a form of national defense and/or preservation against potential saboteurs, from both beyond and within their respective countries, and as a method for pursuing “national greatness.” In your essays, explore the various ways in which early 20th century thinkers, politicians, leaders, writers, and others defined these contrasting notions of domination, for either their group or for others. What were the stated purposes, or objectives, of these programs for and against domination? And in what ways were they justified?

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The early 20th century witnessed a complex interplay of contrasting notions of domination in European history. On one hand, domination was portrayed in a negative light, with critics decrying the brutalities of specific socioeconomic arrangements, political cultures, and social hierarchies. On the other hand, some defended domination as a means of national defense and preservation against potential saboteurs, both from within and beyond their borders, as well as a method for pursuing "national greatness." This essay delves into the diverse ways in which early 20th-century thinkers, politicians, leaders, writers, and others defined these contrasting notions of domination, either for their own group or for others. It explores the stated purposes and objectives of these programs for and against domination and the justifications that underpinned these divergent perspectives, shedding light on the complex tapestry of European history during this transformative period.