One half of a kilogram of liquid water at 273 K (0 °C) is placed outside on a day when the temperature is 261K (-12 °C). Assume that the heat is lost from the water only by means of radiation and that the emissivity of the radiating surface is 0.600. Consider two cases: when the surface area of the water is (a) 0.035 m² (as it might be in a cup) and (b) 1.5 m² (as it could be if the water were spilled out to form a thin sheet). For each case. (a) and (b), determine the time it takes the water to freeze into ice at 0°C. (a) Number (b) Number 154 Units Units

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**Problem Statement:**

One half of a kilogram of liquid water at 273 K (0 °C) is placed outside on a day when the temperature is 261 K (-12 °C). Assume that the heat is lost from the water only by means of radiation and that the emissivity of the radiating surface is 0.600.

Consider two cases:

1. When the surface area of the water is (a) 0.035 m² (as it might be in a cup).
2. When the surface area of the water is (b) 1.5 m² (as it could be if the water were spilled out to form a thin sheet).

For each case, (a) and (b), determine the time it takes the water to freeze into ice at 0 °C.

**Input Fields:**

- **(a) Number:**
  - Pre-filled with "154"
  - Units: Dropdown menu for selection

- **(b) Number:**
  - Blank input field
  - Units: Dropdown menu for selection

**Instructions:**

To solve this problem, you will need to use principles of thermal radiation to calculate the time required for the water to freeze. Consider the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the power radiated by a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature. Use this information along with the given emissivity value to solve for the time in each scenario.
Transcribed Image Text:**Problem Statement:** One half of a kilogram of liquid water at 273 K (0 °C) is placed outside on a day when the temperature is 261 K (-12 °C). Assume that the heat is lost from the water only by means of radiation and that the emissivity of the radiating surface is 0.600. Consider two cases: 1. When the surface area of the water is (a) 0.035 m² (as it might be in a cup). 2. When the surface area of the water is (b) 1.5 m² (as it could be if the water were spilled out to form a thin sheet). For each case, (a) and (b), determine the time it takes the water to freeze into ice at 0 °C. **Input Fields:** - **(a) Number:** - Pre-filled with "154" - Units: Dropdown menu for selection - **(b) Number:** - Blank input field - Units: Dropdown menu for selection **Instructions:** To solve this problem, you will need to use principles of thermal radiation to calculate the time required for the water to freeze. Consider the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the power radiated by a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature. Use this information along with the given emissivity value to solve for the time in each scenario.
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