o study the photochemical decay of aqueous bromine in bright sunlight a small quantity of liquid bromine was dissolved in water contained in a glass battery jar and placed in direct sunlight. The following data were obtained: Time (min)  10        20      30      40      50       60 ppm Br2      2.45    1.74   1.23   0.88   0.62    0.44 1. Determine the reaction order and calculate the reaction rate constant in the units of your choice.  2. Assuming identical exposure conditions, calculate the required hourly rate of injection of bromine in kg into a sunlit body of water 0.095m3 in volume to maintain a sterilizing level of bromine of 1.00 ppm.  3. What experimental conditions would suggest if you were to obtain more data?

Consider the irreversible reaction below, which is shown to obey second-order kinetics. If the rate constant for this reaction is 0.01 L mol´¹s¹ and the inlet feed concentration to a batch reactor is 2 mol L-¹, calculate the time required to achieve a conversion of (A) 90% and (B) 99%. A → B

Sub: Process Dynamics & Control

A substrate S will be converted to a product P by an irreversible uni-molecular enzyme reaction with the Michaelis constant Km = 0.010 kmol m^-3 and the maximum rate Vmax = 2.0 x 10^-5 kmol m^-3 s^-1. 1. A substrate solution of 0.1 kmol m^-3 is reacted in a stirred-batch reactor using the free enzyme. Determine the initial reaction rate and the conversion of the substrate after 10 min. 2. Immobilized-enzyme beads with a diameter of 10 mm containing the same amount of the enzyme above are used in the same stirred-batch reactor. Determine the initial reaction rate of the substrate solution of 0.1 kmol m^-3. Assume that the effective diffusion coefficient of the substrate in the catalyst beads is 1.0 x 10^-6 cm^2 s^-1. 3. How small should the diameter of immobilized-enzyme beads be to achieve an effectiveness factor larger than 0.9 under the same reaction conditions, as in case (2)?

A series of reactions carried out in separate containers at a constant volume and a constant pressure. For each reaction, what is the ratio of the final temperature to the intial temperature? (enter answers as simplified ratios) 1) 2CH4(g) + 2O2(g) --> 2CO(g) + 4H2O(g) 2) S(g) + H2(g) --> H2S(g) 3) C2H4(g) + H2(g) --> C2H6(g) 4) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) --> 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

An enzyme was purified and its kinetic properties were determined under the following experimental conditions: • 1ml reaction volume, pH 7.5, 0.1 M KC1 the substrate was varied between 1 and 20 mM . amount of enzyme added = 0.2 µg (molecular weight = 100,000 g/mol) co-substrates are required, but were added in excess incubation time, 5 min at 25°C Under these conditions the following data were obtained: Substrate (So mM) Velocity (Vo, nM/min) 2.5 4.0 6.3 10 7.6 20 9 Based on the experimental data, estimate the values of KM and Vmax. (HINT: use linear regression) 1 2 5

Start with the general mass balance relationship  In – Out + Rxn = Accum  and derive a formula that allows you to calculate the value of the first order reaction rate constant, k, given the half-life of a compound.  Use the equation to determine the value of k for carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) given that CCl4 has a half-life of 8,030 days in air.

Q3: Ethyl ether is made by dehydration of ethyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid at 140 °C 2C2₂H5OH →→C4H₁0O+H₂O A simplified process is shown in figure below. If 87% conversion of the alcohol fed to reactor occurs per pass stream in reactor. 1- Write the equations that simulate above process. 2- Perform the degree of freedom for the overall and sub processes (List your answer in table). Pure ethyl ether (1200 kg/hr) 93% H₂SO4 7% H₂0 Alcohol separation Dilute H₂SO4 solution Fresh feed 95% alcohol Reactor Ether separation Recycle 92% alcohol 8% water Waste Sulfuric acid and water

A chemical company performs the following synthetic reaction: 2 C19H16O - >C38H32O2 This reaction follows second-order kinetics with a rate constant of 4.1 L mole-1 min-1.If the reaction solution initially contains 0.050 M concentration of C19H16O, how much time is required for 95% of the C19H16O to react?

An aqueous 2-phase extraction method is used to purify a recombinant fusion peptide made in E. coli. To achieve the most efficient separation, 450 kg of a mixture of 19.7% w/w polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 17.7% w/w potassium phosphate salt in water is used. You notice there are some leftover solutions. You have: - 100 kg of a mixture of 20% w/w PEG in water - 150 kg of a mixture of 20% w/w PEG and 25% w/w salt in water Your supplies are the following: - 200 kg of an aqueous mix of 50% w/w PEG (stock solution) - 200 kg of an aqueous mix of 40% w/w salt (stock solution) - Unlimited water You’re an efficient engineer, so you’re going to use the leftover solutions first (waste not, want not, and all that). To get to that “most efficient separation,” how much of each stock solution and water is needed? You are going to use all of both leftover mixtures first.