Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780470458365
Author: Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
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**Title: Calculating Area Using Polar Coordinates**

**Graph Description:**
This diagram shows two curves on a polar coordinate grid. 

- The first curve is a circle centered at the origin with a radius of 3. 
- The second curve is a cardioid described by the polar equation \( r = 3(1 + \cos(\theta)) \).

The shaded region of interest is the area that is outside the cardioid but inside the circle, depicted in red.

**Problem Statement:**
Use a double integral in polar coordinates to find the area of the region bounded on the inside by the circle of radius 3 and on the outside by the cardioid \( r = 3(1 + \cos(\theta)) \).

**Solution Approach:**
To find the area of this region using polar coordinates, set up the double integral with appropriate limits for \( r \) and \( \theta \) that describe the region of interest. Calculate the area by integrating:

\[ A = \int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2} \int_{r_{\text{inner}}}^{r_{\text{outer}}} r \, dr \, d\theta \]

Where:
- \( r_{\text{inner}} \) is the radius of the cardioid at a given \( \theta \).
- \( r_{\text{outer}} \) is the radius of the circle.
- \( \theta_1 \) and \( \theta_2 \) are the angular limits determined by the intersection points of the two curves.
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Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Calculating Area Using Polar Coordinates** **Graph Description:** This diagram shows two curves on a polar coordinate grid. - The first curve is a circle centered at the origin with a radius of 3. - The second curve is a cardioid described by the polar equation \( r = 3(1 + \cos(\theta)) \). The shaded region of interest is the area that is outside the cardioid but inside the circle, depicted in red. **Problem Statement:** Use a double integral in polar coordinates to find the area of the region bounded on the inside by the circle of radius 3 and on the outside by the cardioid \( r = 3(1 + \cos(\theta)) \). **Solution Approach:** To find the area of this region using polar coordinates, set up the double integral with appropriate limits for \( r \) and \( \theta \) that describe the region of interest. Calculate the area by integrating: \[ A = \int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2} \int_{r_{\text{inner}}}^{r_{\text{outer}}} r \, dr \, d\theta \] Where: - \( r_{\text{inner}} \) is the radius of the cardioid at a given \( \theta \). - \( r_{\text{outer}} \) is the radius of the circle. - \( \theta_1 \) and \( \theta_2 \) are the angular limits determined by the intersection points of the two curves.
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