
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Transcribed Image Text:**Understanding Phase Changes and Boiling Point Influences**
**Evaporation vs. Condensation:**
- **Evaporation** is the process where liquid molecules gain enough energy to transition into a gaseous state, typically occurring at the surface of the liquid.
- **Condensation** is the reverse process where gas molecules lose energy and transition back into a liquid state.
**Boiling Point Determination:**
The determination of boiling points serves various purposes:
- Identifying or characterizing substances
- Assessing purity levels of a substance
- Assisting in the design and operation of distillation processes
**Effects on Boiling Point:**
- A **soluble non-volatile impurity**, such as table salt, generally increases the boiling point of a liquid due to the elevation of boiling point effect.
- An **insoluble foreign substance**, like sand, typically does not affect the boiling point significantly.
**Boiling Point Under Different Pressures:**
- For a liquid "X" with a normal boiling point of 75 °C, the boiling point can decrease when the pressure is reduced to 800 mmHg, as lower pressure typically lowers boiling points.
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