Mr Solano is scheduled for surgery in the afternoon even though he was admitted to the Orthopaedics ward early in the morning. State two (2) reasons why it is necessary for patients undergoing surgery to fast? Ensure ALL your statements are supported with relevant recent scholarly literature   What is the current evidence-based recommendations for the pre-operative fasting times? Ensure ALL your statements are supported with relevant recent scholarly literature   What are the risks of prolonged fasting for patients? Ensure ALL your statements are supported with relevant recent scholarly literature

Zoran Solano, a 20-year-old man was brought into the Emergency Department (ED) after an accident whilst riding on an electric scooter. He was stabilised and transferred to the Orthopaedic Ward for surgery in the morning. BACKGROUND Zoran Solano was out partying with his friends, celebrating a birthday in the Valley. According to his cousin, Eyad, Zoran started drinking at 5pm that day and by the time they left the club around 2am, Zoran was very intoxicated. As they were walking out of the club, Zoran decided to jump on an electric scooter that was parked outside the club. Eyad started running after Zoran, and he saw Zoran weaving in and out of cars on the road at a high speed. Eyad saw Zoran barely manage to avoid fully hitting the concrete column of a building but he jumped off the electric scooter and landed in an awkward position. ASSESSMENT GCS: 15/15, both pupils: 3 equal and reactive to light, moving both upper limbs and right leg in normal strength, left leg no movement (due to severe pain) Left leg deformed and twisted at an angle Pain: 9/10, relieved to 7/10 after intravenous Morphine 4mg was administered Xray Left Leg: Spiral fracture of mid tibia and fibula 12 lead ECG: Sinus tachycardia RECOMMENDATION Zoran Solano is scheduled for surgery and to be admitted to the ward. He was seen by the Orthopaedic Surgeon in ED and has been scheduled for surgery this afternoon.