Most healthy and some abnormal gut microbiomes that have a high diversity of taxonomic groups are resistant to manipulation by probiotics and other therapeutic treatments such a fecal transplantation. Explain why these microbiomes are more likely to be resistant to manipulation.

One of the most common observations in many metabolic diseases is: An increase in the diversity of gut microbe species A decrease in general inflammation levels A decrease in the diversity of gut microbe species A specific causal link between a single bacterial species and a disease

Drug-resistant TB can be acquired via sequential mutations in the pathogen’s genome, or via transmission of a resistant pathogen from another person. How can these events be distinguished? Why is it important to know which is more prevalent?

Different strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)

Propionibacterium acnes is a normal member of the skin microbiome that benefits the body by lowering the skin's pH- an antimicrobial effect. However, P. acnes is also the leading cause of acne. Explain mechanistically how can a bacterium be normal and beneficial but also be pathogenic?

Identify what type of control--positive or negative--was used by the NVU scientists to evaluate the efficacy of the antiviral treatment.

Bacteria have a single circular chromosome while human cells have 46 linear chromosomes. This means bacteria are considered half lloyd having only one copy of each gene.

When looking across all skin habitats (oily/sebaceous areas, dry areas, and moist areas), actinobacteria dominate the skin microbiome and have the highest relative abundance overall. Which of the following statements help explain this? A.The actinobacteria Corynebacterium species dominate moist skin areas .B. The actinobacteria Propionibacterium/Cutibacterium dominate sebaceous areas. C. Bacteria are more abundant in dry skin areas than sebaceous areas. D. The actinobacteria micrococcus dominate dry skin areas .E. Bacteria are more abundant in moist skin areas than dry areas. F. Bacteria are more abundant in sebaceous skin areas than dry areas.

With some level of toxic shock syndrome caused by the superantigen produced by Staphylococcus aureus, why the antibiotics are not effective after a certain point, even though the pathogen is susceptible to them?

Microbiota In healthy humans, the internal organs and tissues such as muscles, the brain, and blood do not contain microorganisms. However, surface tissues, such as the skin and mucous membranes, are in continuous contact with environmental microbes and become readily colonized by specific bacteria. The population of microbes regularly found in the body is referred to as the normal microbiota. The term transient microbiota refers to members of the normal microbiota that are present for only a short time before disappearing. A person's normal microbiota is an important part of the immune system, as the normal microbiota often inhibit pathogenic microbes from colonizing the host, a process called microbial antagonism. Different types of bacteria will colonize different niches in a person's body due to variations in moisture level, pH. atmospheric pressure, oxygen levels, and body secretions. Accordingly, different types of medila must be used to culture the various human microbiota. If…