(Module 25) Suppose the First Bank of Burgin knows that the Central Bank has specified a required reserve ratio of 10%. Currently the bank has $1,000,000 in cash reserves. a. If the bank is holding no excess reserve cash, what are total deposits at the First Bank of Burgin? Explain. b. Suppose Sandra finds $2000 in her sofa and deposits the money at the bank. If the First Bank of Burgin holds no excess reserves, how much can the bank lend and how much cash must the bank hold in required reserves? C. At most how much will Sandra's deposit increase the money supply? d. Suppose the Federal Reserve conducts expansionary OMO using the First Bank of Burgin. i. How will the Federal Reserve inject the money into the system? ii. Will OMO have any effect on the required reserves of the first bank? e. Draw a correctly labeled graph of the money market and show the effect of the monetary policy action identified in part (d) on the equilibrium nominal interest rate. f. Based on the change in the equilibrium nominal interest rate identified in part (e), what will happen to aggregate demand in the short run? Explain. g. Now assume the economy is in long-run equilibrium. If the central bank pursues a policy of increasing the money supply at an annual rate of 5 percent, what will happen to inflation and real output in the long run? Assume in the long run that wages are flexible.

8. Study Questions and Problems #8 Suppose the Federal Reserve's trading desk buys $500,000 in T-bills from a securities dealer, who then deposits the Fed's check in Best National Bank. Assuming that the required reserve ratio is 5%, complete the following table by showing changes in Best National Bank's balance sheet. Best National Bank Assets (Dollars) Reserves: Addendum: Changes in Reserves Actual reserves Required reserves Excess reserves Liabilities (Dollars) Checking deposits: Total liabilities Consider the money multiplier. The maximum increase in the money supply that can result from this open market transaction is

8. The reserve requirement, open market operations, and the money supply Consider a system of banking in which the Federal Reserve uses required reserves to control the money supply (as was the case in the United States before 2008). Assume that banks do not hold excess reserves and that households do not hold currency, so the only money exists in the form of demand deposits. To further simplify, assume the banking system has total reserves of $400. Determine the money multiplier as well as the money supply for each reserve requirement listed in the following table. Reserve Requirement Simple Money Multiplier Money Supply (Percent) (Dollars) 20           10             A higher reserve requirement is associated with a    money supply.   Suppose the Federal Reserve wants to increase the money supply by $200. Maintain the assumption that banks do not hold excess reserves and that households do not hold currency. If the reserve requirement is 10%,…

5. Consider the T-table of the Bank of Boston. Suppose the Federal Reserve Bank buys an additional $2 million in government bonds from the Bank of Boston. Assume (1) the required reserve ratio is 10 percent, and (2) the Bank of Boston issues all excess reserves in loans (I.e., there are no excess reserves). The new money supply equals $ million. Submit Balance sheet of the Bank of Boston Liabilities -55,000,000 Checkable deposits +$5,000,000 Assets Government bonds Currency (= bank reserves) +$5,000,000 Loans $0

6. Required and excess reserves Suppose that Second Republic Bank currently has $200,000 in demand deposits and $130,000 in outstanding loans. The Federal Reserve has set the reserve requirement at 10%. Second Republic Reserves Required Reserves Excess Reserves (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars)

1. Suppose that a bank’s customer deposits $20,000 in her checking account. The required reserve ratio is 0.125. What are the required reserves on the new deposit? What is the largest loan that the bank can make on the basis of the new deposit? What is the maximum the banking system can increase demand deposits as a result of this deposit? -------------

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Suppose that we are a bank with $3,000 worth of deposits. We operate in an economy with a mandated reserve ratio of 12%. Suppose that the bank is keeping $300 in reserves currently, loaning out the rest of its deposits. 9. Is the bank meeting its reserve requirements? Does it have excess reserves? How much more or less must the bank lend out to just exactly meet its reserve requirements? [2 points] 10. Suppose that there is a new $150 deposit into the banking system, how much will the total amount of deposits in the whole banking system change? Assume no cash drain. [2 points] 11. Suppose instead that there is cash drain of 8%. Now, how much would this same $150 deposit change the total amount of deposits in the whole banking system now? [2 points]

2. Assume the reserve requirement forya banking system is 20%. Under the typical assumptions corresponding with the money multiplfer, if an autonomous injection of $10,000 is made, how will it affect: (a) The initial required reserves of the individual bank into which this deposit is made? (b) The initial excess reserves of the individual bank into which this deposit is made? (c) Total deposits in the entire banking system after all of the repercussions of this injection?. (d) Are there any factors that might not allow this to work in the real world in the way economic theory might suggest? If so, what are they?

9. How can banks create money? A) By lending required reserves B) By borrowing excess reserves C) By telling the Fed they need more money; and the Fed creates it D) By lending excess reserves 10. What is the formula for figuring the total possible change in the money supply from excess reserves? A) (1/Excess reserves) × / Total Reserves B) (R/1) × A Reserves C) / Excess Reserves / Total Reserves D) (1/R)x A Reserves