Material Young's modulus Bulk modulus Shear modulus х 1010 Ра x 101º Pa х 1010 Ра Aluminum 7.0 7.5 2.5 Bone (tension) 1.6 0.8 8.0 Bone (compression) 0.9 Brass 9.0 6.0 3.5 Brick 1.5 Concrete 2.0 Copper 11.0 14.0 4.4 Crown glass 6.0 5.0 2.5 Granite 4.5 4.5 2.0 Hair (human) 1.0 Hardwood 1.5 1.0 Iron 21.0 16.0 7.7 Lead 1.6 4.1 0.6 Marble 6.0 7.0 2.0 Nickel 21.0 17.0 7.8 Polystyrene 3.0 Silk 6.0 Spider thread 3.0 Steel 20.0 16.0 7.5 Acetone 0.07 Ethanol 0.09 Glycerin 0.45 Mercury 2.5 Water 0.22 Table 12.1 Approximate Elastic Moduli for Selected Materials

Q: Describe what happens if a tensile specimen is loaded just to the elastic limit and then unloaded.

A: A tensile specimens is sometimes a standardized sample cross-section. it's 2 shoulders and a gage…

Q: Define the term distributing force?

A: Distributing force:- Distributing Force is the force acting on the body over a length or surface.…

Q: Describe the strain and energy?

A: When a body is subjected to any tensile or compressive forces then the body undergoes deformation…

Q: Distinguish between elastic buckling and inelastic buckling?

A: Buckling refers to a condition of failure of columns when the axial load on columns cause it to…

Q: What is the Allowable Stress Design?

A: In Allowable stress design, the maximum stress (σmax) that a member will endure under a given…

Q: What thickness limit classifies metal as being sheet?

A:

Q: How can we determine the deformation of an axially loaded member?

A: Whenever a member is loaded axially there is change in the dimensions of the member. Length of the…

Q: What is the effect of an eccentric loading?

A: Eccentric loading: The eccentric loading is a type of loading on beams and columns in which load…

Q: Give an example of the single shear failure?

A: Shear is caused by the action of two opposite and equal forces acting on a material. If the two…

Q: Describe the State of Stress caused by the combined loadings?

A: Combined loading: In combined loading conditions,  the specimen/ component is subjected to various…

Q: How is normal strain measured?

A: As we know that strain is a change in length over original length.

Q: Give an example of the Absolute Maximum Shear Strain?

A:

Q: explain linear stress variations,

A: As per Hooke's law in any material the stress induced is directly proportional to…

Q: What is creep strength?

A: Creep is the phenomena of deformation of a body which is time-dependent. It occurs when a load is…

Q: What is the dynamic stress?

A: Stress: Stress is defined as the developed force in the specimen per unit area when that specimen is…

Q: bend allowance is

A: Given: Metal sheet thickness is =2 mmIt is to be bent at an angle of one radian,Bent radius is= 100…

Q: What is the Average Compressive Stress?

A: Forces acting perpendicular to the cross section of the body are normal forces. They can be either…

Q: What happens to the shear stress as flexural capacity increases?

A: It is the strength of any beam against transverse loads applied on them. It is given by 'EI', where…

Q: Distinguish between the Brittle material and the Ductile material?

A: Brittle Materials: These materials elongate on the application of load to the materials. They can…

Q: Distinguish between the Normal and Shear Stress Components?

A: Normal and shear stress components are distinguished by their direction with respect to the area on…

Q: Describe the theory of elasticity?

A: Theory of Elasticity When an external force is applied to the body, it starts to elongate, and as…

Q: How are the Normal and Shear Stress Components used?

A: Normal stress is defined as stress which induced due to the outside force acting normally on a…

Q: What is the linear variation in the shear strain?

A: The change in shape obtained due to shear stress is defined by shear strain.

Q: 4. What useful informations are obtained from the tensile test of a ductile material? 5. What do you…

A: 4.What useful informations are obtained from the tensile test of a ductile material?       Note :-…

Q: When does the magnitude of stress increase?

A: When a body undergoes deformation under normal or shear forces/loads, then it undergoes…

Q: Describe when and why bend testing (flexural testing) is most advantageous.

A: Flexural testing is done to determine the flexural modulus or flexural strength of the material. In…

Q: Differentiate between Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area?

A: Given Constant Load Cross Sectional Area To find Difference

Q: How is the Strain energy caused?

A: Strain energy is the energy that is caused due to deformation in a body. The area under the…

Q: What is Residual Stress?

A: Whenever a body is deformed beyond the elastic limit it is unable to regain its initial shape. Due…

Q: Define Tensile strength.

A: Given Data⇒ Tensile strength Problem statement⇒ Problem says Define Tensile strength.

Thermal Properties of Materials

In mechanical engineering, the thermal property is represented as the physical quantity that is relevant to the application of heat. The thermal properties are evaluated by variations in any specific material due to low heat or high heat. The quantities that influence the thermal property of the materials are mass, density, temperature, and many others.