Material Young's modulus Bulk modulus Shear modulus х 1010 Ра x 101º Pa х 1010 Ра Aluminum 7.0 7.5 2.5 Bone (tension) 1.6 0.8 8.0 Bone (compression) 0.9 Brass 9.0 6.0 3.5 Brick 1.5 Concrete 2.0 Copper 11.0 14.0 4.4 Crown glass 6.0 5.0 2.5 Granite 4.5 4.5 2.0 Hair (human) 1.0 Hardwood 1.5 1.0 Iron 21.0 16.0 7.7 Lead 1.6 4.1 0.6 Marble 6.0 7.0 2.0 Nickel 21.0 17.0 7.8 Polystyrene 3.0 Silk 6.0 Spider thread 3.0 Steel 20.0 16.0 7.5 Acetone 0.07 Ethanol 0.09 Glycerin 0.45 Mercury 2.5 Water 0.22 Table 12.1 Approximate Elastic Moduli for Selected Materials

Q: Describe how a brittle fracture occurs?

A: Brittle materials are those materials when subjected to stress fails without any sign of failure.…

Q: Why is it important to find the absolute maximum shear stress in the material when it is subjected…

A: Shear stress: It is the force imposed per unit area in a body that cause deformation of a material…

Q: What is the Allowable Stress Design?

A: In Allowable stress design, the maximum stress (σmax) that a member will endure under a given…

Q: How can we determine the deformation of an axially loaded member?

A: Whenever a member is loaded axially there is change in the dimensions of the member. Length of the…

Q: Define the term transverse shear?

A: The shear stress which occurs due to bending moments in a body is known as the Transverse shear.

Q: What is Longitudinal Stress?

A: The stress produced along the length of an object due to the presence of forces which are equal and…

Q: What is the effect of an eccentric loading?

A: Eccentric loading: The eccentric loading is a type of loading on beams and columns in which load…

Q: How is normal strain measured?

A: As we know that strain is a change in length over original length.

Q: Describe the fatigue tests by drawing all the necessary figures.

A: The above question is based on Fatigue Tests description.

Q: Rank the curves based on the change in strain that occurs during the necking phase. Rank the curves…

A: Various stages shown on the stress-strain diagram are: Proportionality limit Plastic limit Necking…

Q: If fracture load was 0.212 kN, what is the Fracture bending stress for a material having a width of…

A: Given Fracture load =0.212 kN=212 N Width 't'=50mm Thickness w=5 mm L=200 mm

Q: Having stress-strain relationship of ductile materials in your mind, highlight the differences…

A: When an amount of repeated load act on an material then the factor of safety at the yield strength…

Q: Discuss the effects of applying a torsional loading to a long straight member?

A: Torsional Loading causes the deformation of the straight member about its longitudinal axis. It is…

Q: How is the Strain actually measured?

A: Before explaining the measurement of strain, let's first understand the strain. Strain is basically…

Q: Distinguish between the Normal and Shear Stress Components?

A: Normal and shear stress components are distinguished by their direction with respect to the area on…

Q: Which moment is referred to as the plastic moment?

A: The plastic moment is the property of the structural section

Q: Poisson's ratio?

A: Given; A metallic rod of; l=500 mmD=50 mmTensile force, F=100 kN∆l=0.015 mmPoisson's ratio ?

Q: Stresses applied to plastically deform the metal are usually compressive. O F

A: To get the material plastically deformed it is necessary that stresses are applied beyond the…

Q: How are the Normal and Shear Stress Components used?

A: Normal stress is defined as stress which induced due to the outside force acting normally on a…

Q: Q4-A circular shaft consists of steel and aluminum segments is subjected to the torques shown in…

A:

Q: Describe how a ductile fracture comes about?

A: Answer : Ductile Material are those materials that go through substantial plastic deformation before…

Q: Why fracture strain for metals (Aluminum, Mild Steel) in pure share is higher than pure tension?

A: fracture strain for metals (Aluminum, Mild Steel) in pure share is higher than pure tension because

Q: A specimen of copper having a cross section of O.600 inch in diameter and a length of 25.0 inches is…

A:

Q: How does fatigue crack growth rate vary with applied stress level?

A: The fatigue crack growth rate is dependent on the stress intensity factor. The stress intensity…

Q: When does the magnitude of stress increase?

A: When a body undergoes deformation under normal or shear forces/loads, then it undergoes…

Q: Differentiate between Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area?

A: Given Constant Load Cross Sectional Area To find Difference

Q: How is the Strain energy caused?

A: Strain energy is the energy that is caused due to deformation in a body. The area under the…

Q: If the material is ductile, how is the failure usually specified?

A: Ductile failure is one in which material undergoes plastic deformation before separation, It…

Q: Why does the tensile fracture occur suddenly?

A: Fracture is defined as separation of an object into two more pieces under the application of load.…

Q: During a tensile test on a specimen of 100mm^2 cross-section, maximum load observed was  71168N and…

A:

Thermal Properties of Materials

In mechanical engineering, the thermal property is represented as the physical quantity that is relevant to the application of heat. The thermal properties are evaluated by variations in any specific material due to low heat or high heat. The quantities that influence the thermal property of the materials are mass, density, temperature, and many others.