Malaria model: The simplest malaria model, known as the Ross-Macdonald (winner of the 1911 Nobel Price in Health), considers two populations. The population of infected humans and the population of infected mosquitos. This model is given by: dr maby(1 – 1) – rI dt dy dt acr(e¯9" – y) – gy. where a is erpected number of bites on humans per mosquito, m is equilibrium mosquito density per human, n is length of incubation period, g is the daily force of mosquito mor- tality, b is the transmission efficiency from infectious mosquito to susceptible human, c is the probability of infection of an uninfected mosquito by biting an infectious human, x is the proportion of infected humans and y is the proportion of infectious mosquitoes. Determine Ro for this model

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Ecological Interactions

The study of the ecological interactions between living beings and their physical environment, including humans, is ecology. It aims to understand the crucial links between plants and animals and the world around them. Ecology also gives knowledge on the advantages of ecosystems and how we may use Earth resources to ensure that future generations have a healthy environment.