Macrocystis is a genus of kelp (large brown algae) that includes species having extremely long stipes (up to 60 meters) and floating structures containing gas (pneumatocysts) at the base of the blades. What might the purpose of the long stipes and pneumatocysts be?

Why are red algae red? What distinguishes plasmodial and cellular slime molds? What are the ecological roles of protists? Why are photosynthetic protists so important to marine/aquatic ecosystems? What limits the growth of these organisms and what causes blooms? What will be affected if marine producers are disrupted?

How are seaweeds classified? Which seaweeds live at the greatest depths? Why are accessory pigments important in algal physiology?

Lichens are not in a mutualistic relationship with ascomycetes as some scientists beleive but are in a mutualistic relationship with cyanobacterium or algae.  true or false?

List some unique features of Chara thallus distinct than other algae?

explain How can one distinguish a filamentous fungus from a colorless alga?

In the pictures below, identify the arrowed reproductive structures of microscopic cyanobacteria based on the following descriptions: Akinetes are dormant structures larger than the vegetative cells, are rich in food reserves, and have thick walls.  Most filamentous cyanobacteria develop akinetes in adverse conditions (e.g., winter, dry periods).  When favorable conditions return, they germinate and produce new filaments. Hormogonia are short pieces of filaments consisting of 5–15 trichomes that fragment and develop into new filaments. Heterocytes (or heterocysts) are multicellular structures that have a thick and massive sheath, formed by members of the Nostocales.  It is the location of the enzyme nitrogenase for nitrogen fixation, the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonium and then amino acids.  They may be intercalary or terminal in position and may germinate from either end or both the ends to give rise to new filaments. Non-filamentous cyanobacteria generally produce spores…

In the following diagram of a black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer), identify the following structures of a multicellular fungus: mycelium, rhizoids, stolon, sporangium, sporangiophore, sporangiospores.   Note: Sample fungus herein is not found in aquatic environment.  Rhizopus stolonifer is a common agent of decomposition of stored foods; they are terrestrial in habitat.

To which phylum do you think the Penicilium and Aspergillus fungi belong to?. Please explain what are conidia and what is their function. amswer the following in 3-6 sentences.

What are various types of septaal pores in fungus?