M1) Match the following study designs with the most appropriate measure of association. Note that measures of association may be used more than once, or not at all Study Type Measure of Association Cohort study with losses to follow-up Cross-sectional study Experimental study with no losses to follow-up Case control study Cohort study reporting attack "rates" a. b. C. d. Incidence Rate Ratio Odds Ratio Prevalence Ratio Cumulative Incidence (Risk) Ratio

Why is the combination of the measures of central tendency and measures of variation so informative about a data set? Explain how they work together to provide a complete picture.

Values 2- -2 Group 1 Data Set 1 Example Data by Groups Group 2 Group 3 Values 20- 10- -10- Group 1 Data Set 2 Example Data by Groups Group 2 Group 3

Define population and sample. List typical parameters from population and sample statistics.

You collect information on a random sample of women and obtain estimates on vitamin D exposure. However, the results that you find are different than those conducted at another study site. Should you be concerned? Explain your answer using the concept of sampling variability

Indicate the levels for which measures are being obtained in each type of study of the observational studies: cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies using the book of Robert H. Friis; Thomas Sellers.

A stratified sample is sometimes recommended when?

Consider the following research questions/study scenarios. For each study, discuss the most appropriate methods for describing the data (graphically and numerically).  What statistical method would be most appropriate for addressing the research questions?  Be sure to provide a justification of the statistical method.  What statistical test is needed, provide appropriate null and research hypotheses. An investigation of the association between drink preferences and the color of teeth is proposed. Subjects will be surveyed as to the type of drink most often consumed (coffee/tea. Juice, caramel-colored soda, water, or milk).  A clinical exam will be performed after dental cleaning to determine the color of the teeth (reddish brown, reddish yellow, gray, reddish gray).

I UNDERSTAND 2,3,4 BUT I DON'T GET NUMBER 1 QUESTION?   Thread prompt: An epidemiologist found five cases of “big toe cancer” in the Yukon Territory. Because there were only a few cases, the epidemiologist decided to conduct a matched case-control study to determine whether shoe size larger than 9 is a risk factor for big toe cancer. Cases were individually matched to one control for daily activity, history of athlete’s foot, and history of ingrown toenails. The following data were gathered: Shoe size > 9 Pair Case Control  1     Yes      No  2      No       No  3      No      Yes  4     Yes     Yes  5      No      Yes Compute the proper measure of association. Interpret your results. If you were to investigate a rare cancer in Lynchburg, where might you look for data? What would be necessary legally and ethically to be able to utilize this data set(s)?

Binary, or Yes/No data are easily summarized numerically with median proportion sum Opi chart