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The reaction between but-1-ene and water vapor produces butan-1-ol. The standard entropy values (S) for but-1-ene, water vapor and butan-1-ol are 310, 189 and 228 J K-1mol-1 respectively. What is the standard entropy change for this reaction in JK-1 mol-1?

Understanding the molecular basis of evolution is one of the greatest intellectual challenges of mankind, and one where chemistry plays a central role. Recently, a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Frances H. Arnold and the other half jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter for their work harnessing the power of evolution to develop new proteins used in drugs and medical treatments. The second law of thermodynamics holds that all spontaneous processes should increase the entropy of the universe and the molecular interpretation of entropy holds that increasing entropy leads to increasing disorder. However, life requires creating order out of disorder. What  ideas about how the existence of life is compatible with the second law of thermodynamics .

E The Carnot cycle, which is a particular example of a thermodynamic cycle, allows determining the efficiency of a "heat-to-work" engine. Clausius used this to find the macroscopic definition of entropy as the heat change of the system at a particular temperature. Th and T are the high and low qh and q for the heats transferred at these temperatures. When plotted in a T-S temperatures and representation, entropy only changes in the processes (steps) where heat is added or removed. However, when plotting the Carnot cycle in the P-V representation it is clear that work is done (on or by) the system in each of the 4 processes of the cycle. a) Give the names of the 2 processes of the Carnot cycle (an engine) in which the surroundings do work on the system. Indicate the condition(s) of the walls for these processes. b) Consider the microscopic, i.e., Boltzmann's, definition of entropy for an ideal gas. Briefly discuss what needs to be satisfied so that there is no change of entropy during a…