Long term trapping and monitoring studies have estimated that on average 3% of the populations move between habitats (farm to natural and vis versa) each generation. A new insecticide resistance allele (∆K) has begun to increase in frequency in the agricultural populations. A genotyping survey at this locus of 50 individuals in each population has revealed the following genotype counts:   K/K K/∆K ∆K/∆K Agricultural field 32 16 2 Forest 48 2 0 4a. Based on the effects of migration alone, what will the frequency of ∆K be in the forest population in the next generation? 4b. If migration was acting in here without selection, what would the frequency of ΔK be in the agricultural population in the next generation?     4c. If the natural forest population was substantially larger than the agricultural population, how might that affect the evolution of ΔK by natural selection in the agricultural pest, and what is the term for this kind of effect?

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66)Parasites are organisms that make a living at the expense of another organism called a host. In populations of hosts and parasites, not all the possible parasite genotypes can successfully infect all the possible host genotypes. The most successful parasite genotypes (i.e. those with the highest fitness) are those that can exploit the most common host genotypes. As a result, the most common host genotypes suffer a decline in fitness. Meanwhile, rare host genotypes are relatively unaffected by parasites and thus enjoy a higher fitness which causes them to become more common. As a host genotype becomes more common, it also becomes a bigger target for parasites and eventually experience a decline in fitness. This is a case of Stabilizing selection   Negative frequency dependent selection   Disruptive selection   Purifying selection   Heterozygote advantage

Fruit flies of the genus Drosophila are distributed worldwide, but 30-40% are found on Hawaiian islands. How can you explain this distribution pattern? I’m addition, most species that have been identified are almost indistinguishable from other species and yet vary few hybrids have ever been observed. How might this phenomenon be explained?

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Examine Table 26.1, which lists different types of reproductiveisolating mechanisms. Try to come up with at least one example of anorganism that is reproductively isolated from other species by each ofthe mechanisms listed in the table. Are some groups of organismsmore likely to exhibit one type of mechanism than another? Give someexamples.

Panthers are also susceptible to a respiratory infection [feline calicivirus].  Individuals in a population, who are homozygous dominant or heterozygous for genes encoding parasite or pathogen resistance, are more likely to resist an infection or parasite.  Currently, population estimates of the Florida panther range from 100 – 160 individuals.  Let’s assume that the population equals 160.  During a particularly bad calicivirus outbreak,   40 Florida panthers die as a result of the infection.  Using this information, answer the following questions utilizing the Hardy – Weinberg equation when necessary.     What is the most likely genotype of the affected panthers that died from the respiratory infection? Use the letter “A” for your symbol.         2. What percentage of the population is most likely resistant to the calicivirus infection?