List four innate defensive responses present in the body, and explainhow each type functions to combat infection.

What are the function of Toll-like receptors (TLR) (types, function, etc)

Explain the characteristics of bacteria and virus that make them pathogens. Explain how pathogens can be transmitted from person to person. [AC 2.1,2.4 ] with references Q2.The human body has a tiered system of defences to fight against pathogens. Explain the body’s first line of defence and how it prevents pathogens from entering the body.

Suggest a single, specific malfunction in the immune systemthat would affect at least three other systems. For each system, explain how it would be affected and what that system would do to bring the body back to homeostasis. (Note: an infection is not necessarily a malfunction)