Learning psychologist Edward Tolman wanted to determine if mice learned a maze through trial and error or if the developed a “cognitive map” of the maze.  Tolman placed a rat in the center of a circular space with 4 alternative corridors.  If the rats were truly “guessing” a path, they should try each corridor an equal number of times.  However, if the rats were developing a cognitive map, they should go down the far-right corridor more frequently than the others and go directly to the cheese.     Original Right Observed 8 12 Expected 16 16   .   a.What are the null and alternative hypotheses? b.Perform the analysis manually or using Excel or r. c.Why is a Chi-Square called goodness of fit rather than a hypothesis test d.What did Tolman find?

A student was interested in the impact of nutrition and exercise on mental health. She recruited a sample of 80 individuals. She divided the participants into 4 groups. One group was a control group. There was no treatment for this group. The second group was the diet group. These participants followed a strict diet that was designed by a dietitian. The nutrients in the diet were optimized for each individual. The third group was an exercise group. These participants worked with a personal trainer on an individualized exercise plan. The fourth group was the exercise and diet group. This group had both the dietitian and personal trainer intervention. After 3 weeks of treatment (or control), She measured their mental health with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Some of the information is included in the ANOVA table below but I spilled a coffee on the output and the student already deleted the raw data...oh, no!! Given the ANOVA table below, what is the F-statistic?…

A city planner wants to work with community leaders to develop a system of walker-friendly paths between the city's five parks. Since cost is an issue, the planner collects data on the cost of each park-to-park route. The planner uses the Nearest Neighbor method to determine an estimate of a least cost system of sidewalks that would allow a walker to visit each park once and return to the park where the walker has parked his/her car. The weighted graph below shows the cost of each possible path in thousands of dollars. .236' 239 124. 225 131 163 A 168 109 120 11 E Starting and ending at vertex A, what is the minimum cost to construct paths as estimated by the Nearest-Neighbor method? (note: The values on the graph are thousands of dollars, so you will need to append three zeros to your response. For example, if you get a minimum cost of 123, you would enter 123000.)

Baby walkers are seats hanging from frames that allow babies to sit upright withtheir legs dangling and feet touching the floor. Walkers have wheels on their legsthat allow the infant to propel the walker around the house long before he or she canwalk or even crawl. Typically, babies use walkers between the ages of 4 months and11 months.Because more walkers have tray table in front that block babies’ view of their feet,child psychologists have begun to questions whether walkers affect infants’cognitive development. One study compared mental skills of a random a=sample fothose who used walkers with a random sample of those who never used walkers.Mental skill scores averaged 113 for 54 babies who used walkers (standard deviationof 12) and 123 for 55 babies who did not use walkers (standard deviation of 15). (A) Is there evidence that the mean mental skill score of babis who use walkers is different from the mean mental skill score of babies who do not use walkers? Explain your Answer.

Ed's Tires and Brakes has two locations, one on the northwest side of town and one on the southeast side of town. At both locations are performed routine tire repairs and rotations, as well as expensive brake repairs. This past week, 30% of the cars serviced at Ed's were serviced at the northwest location, while 70% of the cars were serviced at the southeast location. (No car was serviced at both locations.) Brake repairs were more typical at the northwest location than at the southeast location: 50% of the cars at the northwest location required brake repairs, while 25% of the cars at the southeast location required brake repairs. Let N denote the event that a randomly chosen car (taken to Ed's in the past week) was serviced at the northwest location and N denote the event that a randomly chosen car was serviced at the southeast location. Let B denote the event that a randomly chosen car required brake repairs and B denote the event that a randomly chosen car did not require brake…

Is there a link between dark chocolate and weight loss when compared to milk chocolate? A nutritionist gathers 60 people, selected at random, then randomly assigns half of the group to eat a single dark chocolate bar after dinner each night and the other half to eat a single milk chocolate bar after dinner each night for 6 months. Everyone is to keep track of the other food they eat in an app provided. The nutritionist then compares each person’s weight after the 6 months to their weight before eating the different chocolates accounting for the other calories consumed.     12) What type of study does this describe?   a) Survey   b) Observational study   c) Experimental study

Sarah believes that completely cutting caffeine out of a person's diet will allow him or her more restful sleep at night. In fact, she believes that, on average, adults will have more than two additional nights of restful sleep in a four-week period after removing caffeine from their diets. She randomly selects 8 adults to help her test this theory. Each person is asked to consume two caffeinated beverages per day for 28 days, and then cut back to no caffeinated beverages for the following 28 days. During each period, the participants record the numbers of nights of restful sleep that they had. The following table gives the results of the study. Test Sarah's claim at the 0.05 level of significance assuming that the population distribution of the paired differences is approximately normal. Let the period before removing caffeine be Population 1 and let the period after removing caffeine be Population 2. Numbers of Nights of Restful Sleep in a Four-Week Period With Caffeine 24 22 24 20…

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In a study carried out among low-income families in the young towns of Detroit, it was found that 30% spent less than $8 weekly on purchasing charcoal and consumed products from soup kitchens. 35% spent $8 to $15 weekly on the purchase of charcoal. 5% spent more than $15 weekly on the purchase of charcoal and consumed products from the soup kitchen. 15% spent more than $15 each week buying coal. Finally, 55% did not consume the products of the soup kitchens.If you randomly choose a low-income familyto. What is the probability that you spend less than $8 weekly on purchasing coal?b. What is the probability that you do not consume the products of the soup kitchens and spend 8 to 15 dollars buying charcoal?C. If the family spends more than $15 weekly on purchasing charcoal, what is the probability that they will not consume the products from the soup kitchens?d. If the family does not consume products from soup kitchens, what is the probability that it will spend less than 8 soles per…

A chef is trying out a new recipe he has been working on and wants to see if it will sell better than his old one. To find out, he performs an experiment where he randomly assigns 20 people to try his new recipe and 20 people to try his old one. He asks each group how much they would be willing to pay for their food, and he finds that the group with the old recipe would pay an average of $20.00 and the second would pay an average of $26.00. He then performs an independent samples t-test between these groups. a. Suppose the sample variance for the price of the chef’s old recipe is $2.00, and the sample variance for the new recipe is $3.00. Perform a one-tailed t-test at a significance level of α = 0.01 and explain what the result means (how does the new recipe compare to the old one?). b. To evaluate the magnitude of effect size, compute the estimated Cohen’s d. Briefly describe what it means, and comment on the strength of the effect: is it weak, moderate or strong?