ke following exercises, carry out the ten-step hypothesis testing procedure at the specified ifcance level. For each exercise, as appropriate, explain why you chose a one-sided test or wO-sided test. Discuss how you think researchers or clinicians might use the results of vour bunothesis test. What clinical or research decisions or actions do you think would be appropriate in light of the results of your test? 7.4.1 Ellen Davis Jones (A-14) studied the effects of reminiscence therapy for older women with depression. She studied 15 women 60 years or older residing for 3 months or longer HYPOTHESIS TESTING in an assisted living long-term care facility. For this study, depression was measonger the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Higher scores indicate more severe de cd by scores symptoms. The participants received reminiscence therapy for long-term care, which uses family photographs, scrapbooks, and personal memorabilia to stimulate memory and con- Scores are given in the following table. Can we conclude, based on these data, that subjects who participate in reminiscence therapy experience, on average, a decline in GDS depression versation among group members. Pre treatment and post treatment depression %3D scores? Let a = .01. 21 9 19 20 12 18 11 16 16 10 10 14 Paired TTeat Pre-GDS: 12 10 16 2 12 22 9 16 18 Post-GDS: 11 10 11 3 9 13 8 14 16 Source: Data provided courtesy of Ellen Davis Jones, N.D., R.N., FNP-C. 7.4.2 Beney et al. (A-15) evaluated the effect of telephone follow-up on the physical well-being dimension of health-related quality of life in patients with cancer. One of the main outcome variables was measured by the physical well-being subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale-General (FACT-G). A higher score indicates higher physical well-being. The following table shows the baseline FACT-G score and the follow-up score to evaluate the physical well-being during the 7 days after discharge from hospital to home for 66 patients who received a phone call 48-72 hours after discharge that gave patients the opportunity to discuss medications, problems, and advice. Is there sufficient evidence to indicate that quality of physical well-being significantly decreases in the first week of discharge among patients who receive a phone call? nce 7-Test ce RE74 MNIAL Let a = .05. %3D baning Baseline arola ai anoahsgnoo bong Idelisa mobasit lo 2e Follow-up Follow-up Baseline blaod Subject nias 1 FACT-G FACT-G Subject 28 34 FACT-G FACT-G 16 19 25 14 babing of 26 noo lo 17 19 35 21 13 9. 36 14 22 4 20 37 23 22vialA 22 25 38 TonS 7rion 15 on oho Dai bonu 21 19 16 20 39 20 19 10 8. 15 40 18 23 20 6. 41 25 22 20 0.307 21 10 20 42 1naio1ax 18 18 11 11 43 6. 22 22 12 22 44 21 17 twollol 13 18 45 17 23 9. bobie-m 16 14 21 46 15 13 19 25 47 25 17 16 48 22 20 23

If there are 5 dishes, they can be relished in any order at a time. In permutation, it should be in a particular order. In combination, the order does not matter. Take 3 letters a, b, and c. The possible ways of pairing any two letters are ab, bc, ac, ba…

The fundamental counting principle is a rule that is used to count the total number of possible outcomes in a given situation.