is to say, the excitatory pathways become over ive, or the inhibitory pathways, esigned to temper the excitatory pathways, are not active enough. Much of the research done on pilepsy focuses on voltage-gated sodium channels, and to date over 700 different mutations to the hannel have been identified as playing a role in epilepsy. The means by which these mutations ontribute to epilepsy is quite complex. Let's simplify and apply what we have learned so far to dentify potential mechanisms for this condition. what way could voltage-gated sodium channels be affected in excitatory neurons which would ncrease the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential? (one correct answer) The inactivation gate is slower to close. The channel takes longer to reset to its original position ('ready state'). The channel is activated at a more negative membrane potential. The channel has a lower permeability to Na* compared to normal. Any of the above mechanisms could make the cell more likely to fire an action potential.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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