Is there a difference between a hacktivist and a cyberterrorist, in your opinion? Hacktivists may be deemed a war crime if they are used by the government to target enemy groups. That's a bold claim. Cyber-terrorists may be able to aid.

People who do hacktivism are different from people who do cybercrime and people who do terrorism.

What should an ethical hacker do prior to initiating a new penetration test?     Study the code of ethics     Get verbal permission     Gather information about the target     Get written permission

Phishing may be employed alongside spoofing and other methods of electronic con artistry. Phishing alone is possible. What are the best ways to avoid fraudulent activities like phishing and spoofing?

How does hacktivism differ from other cybercrime and terrorism?

Hacktivists often use DDoS attacks against organizations that they perceive as being opposed to them. This includes not only government but also journalists, publications, and human rights groups. Google's parent Alphabet has stepped up to help with thwarting DDoS against these groups. Since 2016 Project Shield has thwarted DDoS attacks against hundreds of websites in over 80 countries. These attacks were directed at websites in order to silence important information. Project Shield was offered for free to journalists, small publications, human rights groups, and others. But Google is doing that from its own initiative at a relatively high cost. Should there instead be a tax on computer hardware and/or software that goes towards a fund that is then used for organizations like this to have permanent DDOS mitigation?