is Polymyxin a cationic antimcrobial peptide? Does Aureomycin targets lipopolysaccharide?

how does heparin work as an anticoagulant? How does warfarin work as an anticoagulant?

Can S-layer proteins be detected by immunolabelling when a capsule is present? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer  link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/

00 A) B) C) D) E) Customized Subject Test 63. Which of the following labeled cells in the photomicrograph shown synthesizes antimüllerian hormone? <-B

Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.

Patients with recurrent infections of Neisseria meningitidis, an extracellular bacterial pathogen that causes meningitis, were examined to determine the underlying cause of their immunodeficiency. A subset of these patients were found to have defects in complement activation on the bacterial surface, a process that for this bacterium is dominated by alternative complement activation leading to C3b deposition on the pathogen surface. When neutrophils from these patients were examined in vitro, the results, in the figure below, were obtained. Based on these data, the identity of the green neutrophil mediator in the figure below is likely to be: Complement factor B The C3 convertase Factor P (properdin) C3b Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

55.  Identify a MISMATCHED pair from the following,  Group of answer choices lethal factor :::: protease activity; inhibits chemokine production. edema factor :::: unregulated cAMP synthesis protective antigen ::::  binds and assembles at target cell membrane protective antigen :::: acts as a biosensor ; detects higher temperature of the digestive system to become active protective factor :::: aids in bringing other toxins components inside cell via endocytosis     56. Which of the following holds TRUE for blood agar medium? Group of answer choices gamma hemolysis is when there is no effect on red blood cells. alpha hemolysis is due to complete breakdown of red blood cells beta hemolysis is the incomplete breakdown of red blood cells. we always use human red blood cells in blood agar blood agar medium belongs to selective media

An adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves:       a)  Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides   b)  Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines   c)  Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination   d)  The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15

Nearly all immune deficiency diseases that result in impaired TH17 and ILC3 function lead to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), usually accompanied by increased susceptibility to pyogenic bacterial infections. However, a subset of these patients also show increased susceptibility to intracellular bacterial infections, such as those caused by Mycobacteria species. What is the explanation for why some, but not all, of these patients have increased susceptibility to intracellular bacteria and which patients fall into this category?

Typical symptoms of COVID-19 include: (1) fever (83-98%), (2) cough (46-82%), (3) muscle pain or fatigue (11-44%), (4) shortness of breath (31%), and in some severe cases, (5) acute respiratory failure, (6) secondary infection and (7) interferon gamma-related cytokine storm. Pick 3 of the above symptoms, and explain why the patients may have these symptoms.