Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780078022159
Author: Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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IP datagrams on a specific network can carry a maximum of only 440 bytes in the data portion. A node on this network, running an application using TCP generates a TCP segment with 1,900 bytes in the data portion. How many IP packets are transmitted to carry this TCP segment, and what are their sizes (including the header of 20 bytes)?
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- The services provided by two different transport-layer protocols may be used by certain application applications (UDP or TCP). So, how can a computer tell which transport layer is handling the delivery of a packet?arrow_forwardWhat does TCP service model mean? In what ways does the TCP segment header play a role in delivering these services?arrow_forwardThanksarrow_forward
- Explain the concept of port numbers in network protocols and their significance.arrow_forwardTCP congestion control example. Consider the figure below, where a TCP sender sends 8 TCP segments at t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Suppose the initial value of the sequence number is 0 and every segment sent to the receiver each contains 100 bytes. The delay between the sender and receiver is 5 time units, and so the first segment arrives at the receiver at t = 6. The ACKs sent by the receiver at t = 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 are shown. The TCP segments (if any) sent by the sender at t = 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 are not shown. The segment sent at t=4 is lost, as is the ACK segment sent at t=7. TCP sender t=1 T t=2 t=3 t=4+ t=5- t=6+ t=11 t=12 t=13 t=14 t=15 t=16 t=17 t=18 I data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK Ty A A V V htt TCP receiver t=6 t=7 t=8 t=9 t=10 t=11 t=12 t=13 What does the sender do at t=17? You can assume for this question that no timeouts have occurred.arrow_forwardA router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork (e.g. the Internet) until it reaches its destination node.How does a router distribute bandwidth in networks.arrow_forward
- A client sends a 200-byte request message to a service, which produces a response containing 3000 bytes. Estimate the total time to complete the request in each of the following cases, with the performance assumptions listed below:[Latency per packet (local or remote,incurred on both send and receive):5 millisecondsConnection setup time (TCP only):5 millisecondsData transfer rate:10 megabits per secondMTU:1000 bytesServer request processing time:2 millisecondsEstimate inter-process data transfer rate at 40 megabits/second.Assume that the network is lightly loaded.] i. Using connectionless (datagram) communication (for example, UDP);ii. Using connection-oriented communication (for example, TCP);iii. The server process is in the same machine as the clientarrow_forward13. The following figures plot the timeline for sending TCP segments by host A and TCP ACKS by host B, where “seq #” is the value of the sequence number in the TCP header, and "ACK #” is the value of the acknowledge number in the TCP header. Assume that every segment always includes 500 bytes of data, excluding the TCP header. A seg #: 1000 seq #: 1500 seq #: 2000 seq #: 2500 (1) B ACK #: a ACK #: b ACK #: c ACK #: d A seq #: 1000 seq #: 1500 seq #: 2000 seq #: 2500 (2) B ACK #: r ACK #: s TACK 1) In Figure (1), the second ACK sent out by host B gets lost in the network. a) What are the acknowledge numbers a, b, c, and d? b) Will sender A think the segment with seq#=1500 was lost because it never receives the acknowledgement from B containing ACK# = b? 2) In Figure (2), the second TCP segment from host A to host B gets delayed in the network but later arrives at B. What should be the value for the ACK number r, s and t?arrow_forwardA host-to-host connection may transport a large number of packets. Please provide me with a breakdown of items load processing time. Should the duration of one delay be set while the length of the other be variable?arrow_forward
- List all layers of the TCP/IP protocol architecture in order, starting from the highest layer. Answer should be completely correct to receive the marks.arrow_forwardSuppose Host A sends two consecutive TCP segments to Host B over a TCP connection. The sequence number of the first segment is 748, and the sequence number of the second one is 995. Determine the size of the payload carried by the first segment. Suppose that the first segment is lost but the second segment arrives at host B. What will be the acknowledgment number of the acknowledgment segment that Host B sends to Host A?arrow_forward
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