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- Great Transitions Interactive: Human Origins Stone Tools Trace Fossils " Body. Fossils MYA 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 NAME Pan troglodytes Homo sapiens Homo erectus Homo habilis Australopithecus afarensis Ardipithecus ramidus Brain volume (cm³) -400 -1350 770-925 630-680 380-550 300-350 FACIAL FEATURES Steep facial slope N Y Y Y N N Small canines N Y Y Y Y Y Bowl-shaped pelvis N Y Y Y Y Y BIPEDAL ADAPTATIONS Legs > arms N Y Y N N hhmi Biolnteractive N Big toe in line with stride N Y Y Y Y N Introduction Key Concepts Credits HelpBilateral symmetry is a(n) A B C O synapomorphic O ancestral claws O derived O analogous * trait for the species on this tree D E F wings exoskeleton hair + bilateral symmetry G H four limbs vertebrae wings scales 2 ptsrulong Thyreophora ttacosa (ex. Triceratops) Ornithopoda Ceratopsidae Sauropoda (ex. Allosaurus) Yutyrannus Allosauroidea (ex. Tyrannosaurus) Oviraptorosauria Deinonychosauria (ex. Velociraptor) Tyrannosauridae Integument ´Ornithischia Scales = 0 Maniraptora Filaments = 1 Theropoda Saurischia Branched Filaments = 2 The tree above is a simplified version of the prevailing hypothesis of the relationships between various dinosaurs and dinosaur groups. The legend on the bottom left reflects three basic conditions that describe the character that pertains to body covering (or integument). The conditions that pertain to the specific taxa at the top of the tree are shown by the numbers. Dinosauria Trace the integument character along the tree (you may want draw it out on a separate sheet of paper). Once you have done that step, consider the ancestor of all dinsoaurs. What character condition did you get? Crocodiles Pterosauria O (ex. Pteroda O (ex. Stegosaurus) Kul indadromeus Psaurus (ex.…
- Eutherians Primates Prosimians Anthropoidea Hominidae (Great apes) New World Old World Western gorilla Eastern gorilla Common Bonobo chimpanzee Human Rodents, rabbits Prosimians monkeys monkeys Gibbons Orangutan Bipedalism Knuckle-walking Fist-walking Long arms, short legs, no tail Opposable thumb Ancestral primate had good depth perception, efficient grasping, and complex social behavior Copyrighe200 Peason Benjamin Cummings. Al rights reserved. Which pair of primates shares the most recent common ancestor? select the best answer O old world monkeys & gibbons O gibbons & humans O old world monkeys & new world monkey O bonobos and orangutans O prosimians & gorillasThe phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.Place the events in order. ___ 1 (earliest) a. Neanderthals disappear 2 b. monkeys reach the New World 3 c. early apes colonize Europe 4 d. Homo erectus leaves Africa 5 e. divergence of lineages leading to 6 humans and to chimpanzees 7 (most recent) f. divergence of wet-nosed and dry-nosed primates g. Homo sapiens evolve in Africa
- Evolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane. Engulfing of photosynthetic Photosynthetic prokaryote eukaryote Infolding of plasma membrane Prokaryote Engulfing of aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Heterotrophic eukaryote Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms? the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotes TimeApprox how many mass extinction events occurred throughout the evolutionary history of animalsGeologic time scale, 650 million years ago to the present era period events Quaternary evolution of humans 2.6 Neogene mammals diversify 50 Paleogene extinction of dinosaurs 100 first primates Cretaceous first flowering plants 150 first birds Jurassic dinosaurs diversify 200 first mammals Triassic first dinosaurs 250 major extinctions Permian reptiles diversify 300 first reptiles Pennsylvanian scale trees seed ferns Mississippian 350 first amphibians Devonian jawed fishes diversify 400- Silurian first vascular land plants 450 sudden diversification Ordovician of metazoan families 500 first fishes Cambrian first chordates 550 first skeletal elements first soft-bodied metazoans first animal traces 600 650 L O2010 Encyc lopada Britannica, Inc. milions of years ago Late Proterozoic DIozoejed Mesozoic -uoque snojoj
- Sharks Ray-finned fiah Rodents & rabbits Crocodiles Dinosaurs & birds Primates Hair Two post-orbital fenestrae Amniotic egg Four limbs BONY SKELETON Hypothesis 1 Vertebrae Rodents & rabbits Crocodiles Sharks BONY SKELETON Primates Hair Two post-orbital fenestrae Amniotic egg Hypothesis 2 Four limbs Which tree is the most parsimonious? BONY SKELETON Vertebrae O tree #2 O tree #1 Amphibians Ray-finned fish Amphibians Dinosaurs & birdsubmissionld=334865772 Which of these terms best identifies the structures in the diagram below? VERTEBRATE FORELIMBS human bird crocodile seal O analogous O anatomical O vestigial O homologousEVOLUTION CONNECTION Living members of a vertebratelineage can be very different from early members of the lineage,and evolutionary reversals (character losses) are common. Giveexamples that illustrate these observations, and explain theirevolutionary causes.