In titration we are interested in the equivalence point. Chemically this is when enough of the base has been added to completely neutralize the acid. Graphically this is when the reaction rate begins to decrease. How do we determine the equivalence point from P? Next, how do we determine the equivalence point from P'? What does the data suggest? Estimate the equivalence point with these two approaches using your data and graph.

The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at equilibrium. You can leave out water itself. Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row. You will find it useful to keep in mind that NH3 is a weak base. 0.61 mol of HCl is added to 1.0 L of a 1.3 MNH₂ solution. 0.1 mol of HNO3 is added to 1.0 L of a solution that is 0.4M in both NH3 and NH₂Cl. acids: bases: other: acids: bases: other: 7⁰ X S ...

The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at equilibrium. You can leave out water itself. Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row. You will find it useful to keep in mind that HCH₂CO, is a weak acid. 2.3 mol of KOH is added to 1.0 L of a 1.2MHCH, CO₂ solution. 0.42 mol of KOH is added to 1.0 L of a solution that is 1.3M in both HCH₂CO₂ and NaCH3CO₂ acids: 0 Obases: Oother: O O acids: 0 Obases: 0 0 other: 10 X 2 00 9 0.0. S

Consider a solution containing reactants and only trace amounts of products. The reaction proceeds over a very short period of time, and produces a small amount of product. Which of the following is true?a. The Gibbs energy of the solution is higher than the Gibbs energy of the solution at equilibriumb. The chemical potential of the products is higher than the chemical potential of the reactantsc. The Gibbs energy of the reaction is greater than 0d. None of the above

The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at equilibrium. You can leave out water itself. Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row. You will find it useful to keep in mind that HCH3CO₂ is a weak acid. 0.7 mol of NaOH is added to 1.0 L of a 0.7 M HCH3CO₂ solution. 0.10 mol of HNO3 is added to 1.0 L of a solution that is 1.1M in both HCH₂CO₂ and KCH3CO2. acids: 0 bases: other: acids: 0 bases: other: × 0,0,... Ś

The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at equilibrium. You can leave out water itself. Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row. You will find it useful to keep in mind that NH3 is a weak base. 0.70 mol of HI is added to 1.0 L of a 1.5M NH3 solution. 0.1 mol of HNO3 is added to 1.0 L of a solution that is 0.4M in both NH3 and NH Br. 4 acids: bases: other: acids: bases: other: X 0,0,... Ś

Solubility Calculations Given that the average concentration of calcium ion in natural waters is 3.8x10-4 M, and that the solubility product Ksp for CaF₂ is 4.0x10-11, calculate the maximum concentration of fluoride ion that can be dissolved before precipitation begins.