In the context of the ElGamal signature, the public key is (257, 76, x), where "x" is not known to you. Two packages were sent through the insecure channel as follows: (400, 54, 150) (321, 54, 149) Was there a re-use of the ephemeral key? If the answer is "yes", find it. If the answer is "no," answer "no" without the quotations.

Exercise 1 (The RSA basics ( Alice forms a public key for the "textbook" RSA public-key encryption and signature schemes, choosing N = 1073 and e = 715. 1. Encrypt the message M = 3 for Alice. 2. What is Alice's private key, and how does she use it for decrypting the received ciphertext? 3. Generate a signature on the message M = 1234567 using the following simple hash function H: {0, 1} ZN such that H(M)= 3M + 5 (mod N). 4. Verify that the signature you generated in the previous step is a valid signature.

How do I solve the picture below?

Your task is to design automated solvers for the shift and Vigenere ciphers. You must use C as the under- lying programming language, in order to get prepared for the following labs. Each solver should be completely automated, i.e., upon reading a text ,l.e. containing the target ciphertext (given as command-line argument), it should print the encryption key and the decrypted plaintext without any user interaction. Test your code on the following ciphertexts, and answer these questions: 1. What is the key of the cipher? 2. What is the decrypted plaintext?Shift Cipher - Decrypt the following ciphertext:…