
Elements Of Electromagnetics
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780190698614
Author: Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Question
In table 1, a comparison between different frequencies on bone is made. Which is better, a higher or lower frequency? Why?

Transcribed Image Text:When a sound wave passes through tissue, there is some energy loss due to frictional
effects. The absorption of energy in the tissue causes a reduction in the amplitude of the
sound wave. The amplitude A at a depth x cm in a medium is related to the initial amplitude
Ao (x = 0) by the exponential equation
A = A₂e-ax.
Where a, in cm³¹, is the absorption coefficient for the medium at a particular frequency. The
table below gives some typical absorption coefficients. The intensity is proportional to the
square of the amplitude, and its dependence on depth is
I = = loe-2ax
1

Transcribed Image Text:Where I is the incident intensity at x = 0 and I is the intensity at a depth x in the absorber.
Material
Frequency (MHz)
Muscle
1
Fat
0,8
Brain (on average)
1
Bone (human skull) 0,6
0,8
a (cm-¹)
0,13
0,05
0,11
0,4
0,9
1,7
3,2
4,2
5,3
7,8
2,5 x 10-4
Half - Value
Thickness (cm)
2,7
6,9
3,2
0,95
0,34
1,2
0,21
1,6
0,11
1,8
0,08
2,25
0,06
3,5
0,045
Water
1
1,4 × 10³
Table 1: Absorption Coefficients and Half-Value Thickness for various Substances
The half-value thickness (HVT) is the tissue thickness needed to decrease lo tolo.
Table 1 gives the typical HVTs for different tissues. Note the high adsorption in the human
skull and that the absorption increases as the frequency of the sound increase. This
increasing absorption with frequency also occurs for other body tissues and limits the
maximum frequencies that can be used clinically.
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