In sponges that live in calm water, flow velocity increases considerably after leaving the choanocyte chamber. What do you think is the purpose for this?

Explain how insects use Malpighian tubules to excrete wastes and maintain osmotic balance

What are the osmotic challenges faced by marine animals like fish? Describe how they cope with these challenges to maintain solute and water balance in their tissues.

Describe osmoregulation and reproduction in protozoans?

Name the parts that carry out the excretory process in fresh water protozoa and mammals

Relate the function of contractile vacuoles to the following experi-mental observations: to expel an amount of fluid equal in volume to its own volume required 4 to 53 minutes for some freshwater unicel-lular eukaryotes, and between 2 and 5 hours for some marine species.

Explain the following term : pedicellariae, madreporite, respiratory tree, Aristotle’s lantern, papulae, Cuvierian tubules.

How are gases exchanged in sponges?

Explain the challenges that insects have to overcome to maintain ion and water balance. Describe the structures used by insects that help them do this.