In humans, gene A is paternally imprinted. The paternal copy of the gene is methylated and not expressed. While we know the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents, we do not know the phenotypes of the children (Yeah, I know...weird). We also do not know from which grandparents the parents inherited their alleles. (But then again....can you determine this?). * denotes the alleles inherited from their father. A = wild-type (dominant); a mutant (recessive) Family 1 Family 2 Aa Aa Aa Aa 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 A'a Aa' aa' AA' A'a Aa' aa' AA' Answer the following questions based on the pedigrees: What is the phenotype of individual 1 in family 1: а. b. What is the phenotype of individual 2 in family 1: с. What is the phenotype of individual 1 in family 2: d. What is the phenotype of individual 2 in family 2: e. What will be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring of a cross between individual 2 of family 1 and individual 1 of family 2?

Quarter horses (for the information of non-gamblers, these are an actual breed of race horses; not all of the rest of this problem is very actual however) are produced in a two-stage process. First, a whole horse is cut in half to produce half horses. This requires a functional A gene. If there is no functional A gene, the horse remains whole. Second, the B gene cuts the half horses into quarter horses. However, a dominant C gene (C-) will block the action of the B gene, leading to a half horses instead of quarter horses. See diagram below. These 3 genes are UNLINKED. A BIBB| Bb|CCCCc b[Bbl bb C.ee A AA Ag B Whole horses → Half horses Quarter horses a Aal aa An AaBbCc horse was crossed to an AaBbes,horse (both parents have slightly different genotypes!). What fraction of their babies will be: (Hint: ask yourself what's required for each gene dominant or recessive then multiply) a) whole horses? b) quarter horses? с) half horses (hint: figure out parts a and b first, and then using…

A made-up genetic phenotype in humans results in some people having both brown and blond body hair. It is noticeable only if you look closely and these individuals which have small. medium, and large patches of brown hair and small, medium, large patches of blond body hair spread throughout their body. a.) If this phenotype is only seen in females, males have completely blond or brown body hair, how would you describe the genetic nature of this phenotype?

How can you use this piece of information to help you explain to your friends what is the significance of mutations in the emergence of new genetic properties (alleles) that may result (or not) in new phenotypic characteristics? (Recall that not all SNPs affect phenotype.)