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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question 45 please

Transcribed Image Text:in a T:A base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication
the adenine undergoes tautomeriza
d. In an A:T base pair, oxoG is placed across from the A during replication
Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme?
33. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)?
34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease
nd targ
siiripie c
Che slic
slow if the
5. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair
-longer
nelicases
r target (
at contro
oading
nt in the
ion, but
clamp c
Sliding
clamp
he slid
is not
factor
1l inte
nus, sl
es tha
o. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair?
37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleaver
So. why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATOD CG than CGeDAT transversions?
tab
S3. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacteriál proteins in this pathway
named "UV" and human proteins "XP"?
40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by
RNA polymerase quickly?
41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or
dsDNA?
42. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for
homologous sequences and how do they function?
THE
43. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining?
icati
asly.
ent i
rok
liffi
fth
Th
44. When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA?
45. Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous.
46. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease?
47. What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer?
48. Define a tumor suppressor and oncogene and give an example of each.
49. Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. o activate HRR or
UporyDNA damage, ATM decides whether to
NHÈJ. Which is preferred and why?
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