In a digital communication, explain all the methods/mechanism used for the minimization of Bit Error Rate (BER). Also state that which method/mechanism is preferred and why?
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- Draw a symbol for a solid-state logic element AND.In a digital communication,explain all the methods/mechanism used or the minimization of Bit error rate (BER).Also state that which method/mechanism is preferred and why? subject is communication system.In digital communication .explain all the methods/mechanism used for the minimization of bit error rate (BER) . Subject is Communication system.
- 1. Write the TTL level of the following voltages (low, high, intermediate). 2.5 . 0.3 . 4.6 . 1.1.. 3.2. ........ 2. .are complete circuits constructed on a chip of semiconductor material. What is the 3 common types of integrated circuits? . describes data shifted manually, .. describes data shifted automatically for 8 bit shift register. 3. How serial and parallel data shifted into 8 bit shift register?1. What is the difference between synchronous binary counter and asynchronous binary counter? 2. What is type of Ring counter Explain them? 3. what is Decade Counter Explain it?S Display will be designed for a thermometer. The display will show that degree for minimum temperature and 99 degrees for maximum temperature. According to this; a) What is the number of bits that will be needed in the binary code to express the temperature? b) What are the binary, octal and hexadecimal equivalents of 95 degrees? () What is the BCD representation of 95 degrees? d) What is the hex equivalent of this temperature when it shows 111 degrees octal? e) If the thermometer showed a temperature between -99 and +99 degrees, how many bits would we need?
- (a) Determine the worst-case delay of a 16-bit carry select adder. Assume tsetup = tsum = 2, and tcarry = tmux = 1. Compare this with the worst-case delay of a 16-bit ripple carry adder. (b) If each stage has 4 bits, what is minimum number of bits (N) do we need to have, in order for the carry-select adder to start showing less delay (when compared to a ripple-carry adder)? Assume tsetup = tsum = 2, and tcarry = tmux = 1.2. The content of a 16-bit memory location is 0101100110010111. What is the decimal value of the content if it represents (a) BCD code? (b) Excess-3 code? (c) A binary number? (d) Signed bit magnitudeSuppose that an error occurred during the transmission of the 7/4 Hamming Code 1110111 of a binary code. a- Give the definition of a perfect code. b- Determine the coding efficiency of a (7, 4) Hamming code. c- Correct the error bit and write down the original binary code (without parity bits) which was meant to send. d- Draw the hardware 7/4 Hamming encoder/decoder diagram.
- III. Theory/ Discussion 1) Arduino IDE consists of 2 functions. What are they? a) else () and loop () b) Setup () and build () c) Setup () and loop () d) Setup () and elseif () 2) When forward biased, LED emits light because of Recombination of carriers and Light produced by collisions. 3) ATmega328p microprocessor is used in arduino UNO. (TRUE/FALSE) (TRUE/FALSE) IV. Circuit Diagram (Before Simulation) Draw the circuit and write the program codes by considering input pin as A2 and output and output pin as 9 for green, 10 for yellow LED & 11 for red LED. Also verify the results if (gas >= 100) red LED should glow, if (gas >= 60) yellow LED should glow, otherwise green LED should glow. V. Connection Diagram and Results after simulation hp7. Given the following ASK signal (Note: vertical lines denote bit divisions): (single bit)) (Lower Voltage '0', Higher Voltage '1') (MSB on the left) A E a. m 1 t U d 10 M e -5 -10+ a) What is the resulting bit stream? b) What is the bit rate? c) What ASCII character was transmitted Time(ns) 160Question 5 a) Briefly explain the Nyquist theorem in the context of digital sampling. b) Using logic gates, design an active low chip select for the memory a 256 K memory device starting at address 38000016 in a 16 Megabyte memory space. c) Convert each of the following 8-bit signed magnitude binary numbers to decimal. i) 10110101(base 2) ii) 01000101(base 2) iii) 11101010(base 2) iv) 01011110(base 2)