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How do I calculate ΔG , Keq, ΔΔG‡, and the increase in rate caused by a catalyst based off a reaction diagram?

How do I calculate ΔG , Keq, ΔΔG‡, and the increase in rate caused by a catalyst based off a reaction diagram?

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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How do I calculate ΔG , Keq, ΔΔG‡, and the increase in rate caused by a catalyst based off a reaction diagram?

The image depicts a graph illustrating the change in Gibbs free energy (delta G) over the course of a reaction. ### Graph Details: - **Y-Axis (Vertical):** Represents delta G (∆G) in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), with increments marked at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kJ/mol. - **X-Axis (Horizontal):** Denotes the reaction course, indicating the progress from reactants to products. ### Graph Explanation: - **Initial State:** The graph starts at a delta G of approximately 20 kJ/mol at the beginning of the reaction. - **Transition State:** The solid line sharply rises, reaching a peak delta G of about 100 kJ/mol, indicating the activation energy barrier for the reaction. - **Final State:** After the peak, the line descends back to around 20 kJ/mol, signifying the formation of products with energy similar to the initial state. - **Dashed Line:** Represents an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy peak of about 70 kJ/mol, suggesting the presence of a catalyst or another mechanism that lowers the energy barrier. This graph is typical of an endergonic reaction with intermediate states, demonstrating the energy changes during the transition from reactants to products. The lower peak of the dashed line illustrates how a catalyst affects the reaction, making it more energy-efficient by reducing the activation energy required.
Transcribed Image Text:The image depicts a graph illustrating the change in Gibbs free energy (delta G) over the course of a reaction. ### Graph Details: - **Y-Axis (Vertical):** Represents delta G (∆G) in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), with increments marked at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kJ/mol. - **X-Axis (Horizontal):** Denotes the reaction course, indicating the progress from reactants to products. ### Graph Explanation: - **Initial State:** The graph starts at a delta G of approximately 20 kJ/mol at the beginning of the reaction. - **Transition State:** The solid line sharply rises, reaching a peak delta G of about 100 kJ/mol, indicating the activation energy barrier for the reaction. - **Final State:** After the peak, the line descends back to around 20 kJ/mol, signifying the formation of products with energy similar to the initial state. - **Dashed Line:** Represents an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy peak of about 70 kJ/mol, suggesting the presence of a catalyst or another mechanism that lowers the energy barrier. This graph is typical of an endergonic reaction with intermediate states, demonstrating the energy changes during the transition from reactants to products. The lower peak of the dashed line illustrates how a catalyst affects the reaction, making it more energy-efficient by reducing the activation energy required.
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