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How might predators and prey both evolve
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- How Do Consumer–Prey Interactions Shape Evolutionary Adaptations?Animals have evolved a range of strategies to successfully respond to threats and challenges. One of these strategies is the ability to learn. As we discussed, not every animal can learn and there are clear costs and benefits to this strategy. Suggest one benefit of the ability to learn and one potential cost. Briefly explain each. (1-2 sentences for each) Since learning is not universal, under which circumstances would it be most likely be a successful strategy? We discussed a framework that examines the influence of predictability on the success of learning ability. Describe this framework. Make sure you discuss all the available conditions and clearly state under which we would expect learning to be successful and where we would not expect it to be successful. What would be an alternative strategy to regulate behaviour when learning is not suitable? Briefly explain your choice. (2-3 sentences)What is the best description of the original Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model? Nis prey, P is predator. a is rate of consumption, f is conversion of prey to predator, and q is the mortality rate of the predator. dP rN - aNP= = faNP - qP dt dt Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density-dependent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- dependent predator
- What are some behaviors that help animals avoid predation?Behavior that appears to have no payoff—that is, an individual appears to act to benefit others rather than itself—is known as (a) mutualism (b) helping behavior (c) reciprocal altruism (d) inclusive fitness (e) altruismCan predators and prey coexist stably in certain environments?
- For each of the five stages in a predation event, how might prey evolve a defense against predators?How can behaviors be adaptive? Provide an example that includes support from the five tenants of evolution by natural selection: 1) overproduction of offspring, 2) variation in the population, 3) competition for resources, 4) adaptive advantage for some, and 5) reproduction for those who surviveCharacter displacement occurs when strong selective pressure by a predators causes evolution in the prey’s defense strategy. Is this True or False?
- Which research question does not refer to proximate causes of behavior? a.) How do rhesus macaques find their food? b.) how do pigeons that are experimentally displaced find their way back to their home loft? c.) How does dispersal affect the survival of Belding's ground squirrels? d.) Do mother goats learn the odor of their offspring? e.) How do hummingbirds “know” when it is time to return to their overwintering grounds?(D) How does kin selection lead to the successful evolution of this social behavior? (E) Is eusocial behavior dependent on kin selection and if so why?Why does central place foraging cause animals that travel farther to bring back larger amounts of food?