How is an F′ factor different from an F factor?

Given that there are about 20,000 human genes, how can human cells make 75,00o-100,000 different proteins? Distinguish between missense and nonsense. Compare and contrast between insertions and deletions. Why are these called “frameshift” mutations? What are thymine dimers? What causes them?

If the bandicoot genome is 3.62 x 109 base pairs, and the "highly repetitive DNA" fraction is composed entirely of copies of sequence 5'TGCGTGTGTGC3' and its complement, how many copies of this sequence are present in the bandicoot genome?

The HbβS(sickle-cell) allele of the human β-globingene changes the sixth amino acid in the β-globinchain from glutamic acid to valine. In HbβC, the sixthamino acid in β-globin is changed from glutamic acidto lysine. What would be the order of these two mutations within the map of the β-globin gene?