How does memory fragmentation occur, and what strategies can be employed to mitigate its effects in memory management?

The latency of accesses made across various levels of the memory hierarchy may be minimized by the use of buffers. In the above configuration, please list any conceivable buffers that exist between the L1 and L2 caches, as well as between the L2 cache and the RAM.

What is memory mapping, and how is it used in the context of memory management? Explain the concept of memory-mapped I/O and its significance.

Describe the benefits and drawbacks of five different methods of memory management.