Q: What is infection
A: Infections can be prevented by getting oneself vaccinated, by practicing personal hygiene like…
Q: What is the difference between parasites and parasitoids?
A: The question here is asking about the differences between a parasite and parasitoids . These both…
Q: What is pathogenesis
A: Pathogenesis is a process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which can…
Q: Is the human gut microbiome contains trillions of microbes that both influence and are influenced by…
A: The gut microbiome basically implies the composite microbial genome found in the mammalian…
Q: Can you think of a reason why a doctor might choose to use an antibiotic that produces a SMALLER…
A: Given: To justify why doctors use an antibiotic that produce smaller zone of inhibition over larger…
Q: Which of the following is not an example of the physical, mechanical, and chemical barriers at body…
A: Innate immunity is present since birth. Innate immunity is non-specific. Innate immunity lacks…
Q: How can we avoid/prevent the pathogenic effect of some microorganisms?
A: INTRODUCTION During anesthesia, a breathing system could also be used for quite one patient. Any…
Q: Pick any bacterial pathogen, how could its relationship with its host be different if it was similar…
A: Pathogenic bacteria are those who cause harm to host organism. There are few bacteria who cause…
Q: Pathogens must enter host cells to cause disease. Explain why or why not.
A: A pathogen can be defined as the organism which has the potential to cause disease to other…
Q: How does group size affect disease transmission?
A: If the group size is large then diseases transmission rate will be higher .
Q: What is parasitism and its types?
A: Symbiosis : Symbiosis in an interaction between non identical biological species. This interaction…
Q: Explain why some bacteria are both infectious and contagious. Give 3 examples.
A: Diseases are caused when microorganisms enter the body and affect the normal functioning of the…
Q: Explain why there are far fewer antiviral agents than there are antibacterial agents
A: The primary classes of antimicrobial specialists are disinfectants (non-specific specialists, for…
Q: What is the difference between an epidemiologist and a microbiologist?
A: Biology is a branch of science which deals with learning of living organisms . Main disciplines of…
Q: Why are pathogenicity islands important?
A: The invasion of pathogenic microbes into the host body tissue is referred to as the infection.…
Q: Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched? Virucide - inactivates viruses Germicide -…
A: Introduction: Antimicrobials are agents used to stop or kill the growth of microorganisms. They are…
Q: in order for a bacterial pathogen to colonise a host epithelial cell surface, which set of potential…
A: Introduction Microorganisms develop or secrete some factors that can evoke pathogenicity in the…
Q: How does categorizing one microbe to another helped us determine if they are harmful or beneficial…
A: Microrganisms are organism which are microscopic and can be present as unicellular, multicellular or…
Q: What are the different groups of microbes that can affect human? Explain each how do they cause…
A: Microbes or microorganisms are infectious agents that cause diseases in humans. They are tiny…
Q: How does handwashing help in preventing spread of infections?
A: Introduction Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, fungus, or parasitic…
Q: How can researchers establish whether a statistical correlation between microbiomes and diseases…
A: Establishing statistical correlation is an important factor to determine scientific hypothesis on…
Q: In term of the microbes in human body, Are the areas the same or are they different per individuals?…
A: As we know that almost 99.9% of the human genome is the same in different individuals. However, this…
Q: Explain why some bacteria are contagious but not infectious. Give 3 examples.
A: Contagious refers to the property of the bacteria to transmit from one host to another. Infectious…
Q: How might microbes establish an infection?
A: The unfold and improvement of micro organism in the frame. Infections can starts everywhere within…
Q: What is the human impact on Disease Transmissions of Microbes. What do you currently know about how…
A: As the human population is growing, they need more space to thrive, produce food, and hence more…
Q: what is antiviral agent and give categories and specific examples
A: Antiviral agents that used in treatment of infectious disease that caused by virus.such as HIV,…
Q: Can taking antibiotics lead to infections? If so, explain how this happens. A complete answer will…
A: Antibiotics are prescription medications that cure bacterial infections. Bronchitis, influenza and…
Q: How disease is caused in an organism?
A: Disease can be caused due to different reasons.
Q: Pathogens can live on surfaces for quiet some time. What can you do to prevent transmissions from…
A: The pathogens are microorganisms like bacteria and virus that has the potential to cause various…
Q: What is the effect of human activity to the diversity of microbes in the indoor environment
A: In ecology, microbial diversity is defined as the variety of different types of microorganisms…
Q: What characteristics make a pathogen or its productsparticularly useful as a biological weapon?
A: A biological weapon as the term suggests is the weapon that includes microorganisms and it is…
Q: What are some examples of parasitism?
A: Parasitism is a relationship between two living organisms of different species in which one…
Q: Why is the nervous system vulnerable to microbial invasion?
A: Answer: Nervous system = This is the part of the vertebrates where it controls the coordination…
Q: What does pathogens mean
A: Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are invisible to the naked eye. The microorganisms…
Q: What are exotoxins and endotoxins and compare and contrast their major characteristics?
A: Bacteria and fungi are the two microbes that have found to cause several harmful diseases in the…
Q: Describe how a microbe’s pathogenicity differences from its’ virulence
A: Microbes are microorganisms that cannot be seen by our naked eyes. They may or may not be virulent.…
Q: When can you say that a microbe is pathogenic and what are/have something in them that can give them…
A: Many of the microorganisms are pathogenic, that is they can cause diseases in our body. The common…
Q: What are some communication activity for a flu outbreak in a community?
A: A flu outbreak in the community is an epidemic of an influenza virus which spreads across a large…
Q: associated microorganism benefit from its plant host?
A: Associated microorganisms are those which are attached or somehow associated with the plant host.
Q: What is parasitism?
A: Symbiosis or symbiotic relationship is a close relationship between the two species in which at…
Q: Will disease result from an encounter between a (human) host and a microorganism?
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: During an epidemic, how does the infection rate of a disease vary with time?
A: Epidemic is state in which a disease affects the large number of organism in a population within a…
Q: For any diseases caused by a virus: What is the name of the disease? What bacterium or virus or…
A: INTRODUCTION Varicella Zoster Virus Varicella Zoster Virus it comes under alpha sub family of…
Q: Parasitism is considered to be a lifestyle? Why?
A: A parasitism is defined as a relationship between two organisms in which one species i.e. parasite…
Q: Why some diseases are not caused by microorganisms?
A: Microorganisms are the small, microscopic organisms. These include bacteria, fungi, algae, protists…
Q: Construct a paragraph or two describing the interrelationship among a bacterial
A: The answer is explained below showing interrelation among a microorganism microorganism, the…
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- In terms of microbial pathogenicity, molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria that show: A microbe is the aetiological agent of a disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to immunity to a disease A mutation does not contribute to diseaseA patient is admitted to the hospital with a viral infection and is immediately treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. How will the course of the infection be affected by this treatment? The infection's length will remain the same because viruses do not have DNA or RNA, and so antibiotics do not affect them. The infection's length will be shorter because antibiotics can prevent viral entry into the cell by binding to host-receptor proteins. The infection's length will remain the same because antibiotics have no effect on eukaryotic cells or viruses. The infection's length will be shorter because antibiotics activate the immune system, and this decreases the severity of the infection.You are working in a pathology lab where you have to isolate the disease causing agents from human samples. You isolate a disease causing agent and treat it with an enzyme that degrades its protein and it remains unaffected. You decided to treat it with RNAse and found it lost its activity. What kind of pathogen you could suspect it could be? It is a one word answer only. (Hint: It has no capsule, what is it?)
- Which statement among A-D is false regarding bacterial toxins? A) O Hemolysıns are cell membrane disrupters that can rupture red blood cells. B) O Second mesengar pathway disrupters like cholera toxin produces a debilitating respiratory condition of the lungs. C) O Shiga toxin, tetanus toxin, and hemolysins are all types of exotoxins. D) O Superantigens elicit a hyperactive response by the immune system and can lead to shock. E) O None are false, A-D are all true statements.Which of the following is inconsistent with the central dogma? a) An RNA molecule that can self-replicate b) A chromosome that is duplicated before cell division c) A protein that converts its own amino acid sequence into a DNA sequence d) A retrovirus (e.g. HIV) that transcribes its RNA genome into DNA inside its host e) A gene being translated into a proteinSelect all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases. a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent. b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be. c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease. d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted. e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…
- How might a bacteriophage be used to treat a bacterial infection? – this question relates to question # 2. Address specificity. Why can viruses only infect specific cells? Why would the host cell be safe from infection?A white blood cell has pathogen recognition proteins embedded in its plasma membrane. Initially, the the pathogen recognition proteins are spread over the whole surface of the white blood cell. The white blood cell comes into contact with a bacterial cell. Some of the pathogen recognition proteins bind to the lipoteichoic acid molecules on the surface of the bacterial cell. As time goes on, more and more of the pathogen recognition proteins bind to the lipoteichoic acid molecules on the bacterial cell surface. The white blood cell membrane at the point of contact between these 2 cells now contains a dense cluster pathogen recognition proteins. How is it possible for the pathogen recognition proteins to go from being equally distributed on the white blood cell surface to being clustered at the point of contact?Pathogens have a variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host, adhere to host cells, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection or removal by the immune system. These traits are called virulence factors. The following enzymes and toxin can act as virulence factors and contribute to bacteria’s pathogenicity. What are the specific actions of the following enzymes and toxin that make them virulence factors? Coagulase Kinase (such as staphylokinases and streptokinases) Hyaluronidase Collagenase Cytotoxin
- Which of the following has the self-repairing mechanisms?a) DNA and RNAb) DNA, RNA and proteinc) Only DNAd) DNA and proteinsIn the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began developing drugs that fit into the active site and blocked it. This strategy for stopping HIV infections is an example of what phenomenon? OA) feedback regulation OB) competitive inhibition OC) immunization OD) allosteric regulationHow do bacteria exchange genetic material? How do viruses use host cell? How does the body combat viral infections?