How does Boyer Moore Algorithms work on a conceptual level? How does a Pattern traverse along a provided Text?   Is it... Case 1: Mismatch Character doesn't belong in pattern, skip at Mismatch location in text by full length   Case 2: Mismatch character is earlier in pattern, skip to rightmost occurrence of character in pattern.     Am I missing anything or is this understanding wrong?

Can anyone explain to me as simply as possible what in the world is a "link-state" algorithm?

What does the pseudocode for this algorithm in the image attached mean in plain English? (Algorithm 2 — the image attached came from a Computer Science whitepaper with keywords: [Exact] Dynamic Programming, Optimal Decision Trees, Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Interpretability). Please explain with either Python Java code if possible (or any programming language). Also, where can I find a reference that explains all the notation used in this pseudocode found in the image? I see this type of notation frequently but can’t find a key or a reference that explains what type of symbols these all are (except for a few of them which I know to be math symbols). Much of this notation I can’t find a reference to explain what it means anywhere, please advise and thanks in advance.

Vim requires an x and a p when the cursor is on the initial letter of a word. Tell me how.